Flashcards
Biology Flash Cards (Human Systems Part 2)
Flashcards do conjunto (83)
- 1HomeostasisMaintaining balance in an internal environment
- 2StimulasThe change in the environment
- 3ReceptorsThe parts of an organism that sense the change in an environment (senses)
- 4Control CentreThe part of the body that realizes what the stimuli will do to the body (brain)
- 5EffectorThe part of the body that sends a message so that the body will respond to the stimulus
- 6ResponderThe part of the body that responds to the stimulus using negative feedback in order to maintain homeostasis
- 7Negative FeedbackTo go against a change in an environment using the steps known as receptor, control centre, effector and responder.
- 8Positive FeedbackThe opposite of negative feedback where the response of the body is to go with the stimulus.
- 9Urinary SystemMeant to maintain homeostasis of water, salts, urea and some vitamins.
- 10UreaMade from the toxic ammonia into this common less toxic substance that makes up most of the urine
- 11KidneysFilter blood so that substances can be removed and reused and waste can be excreted from the body.
- 12Renal VeinTakes blood from the kidney to the heart.
- 13Renal ArteryTakes blood into the kidney
- 14UreterTransports urine from the kidneys into the bladder
- 15BladderStores the urine until it is ready for excretion
- 16UrethraThe passage where urine exits the body
- 17Urinary SphincterControls the exit of the urine from the bladder and into the urethra
- 18CortexThe outer portion of the kidney
- 19MedullaThe inner portion of the kidney
- 20Renal PelvisThe middle of the kidney filled with a fatty substance to hold different parts together
- 21NephronA small structure inside the kidney that filters, reabsorbs and secretes filtrate from the bloodstream
- 22GlomerulusThe first part of the nephron where substances are filtered and only small molecules pass the high pressure area
- 23Bowman's CapsuleSurrounds the glomerulus and takes the filtrate into the proximal tubule. Has a wrench shape
- 24Proximal TubuleWhere the first reabsorption occurs and water, glucose, ions, and acids go back in the bloodstream through active transport to be re-used
- 25Loop of HenleThe descending loop reabsorbs water through osmosis as the environment gets saltier. The ascending loop is impermeable to water and reabsorbs ion such as Na+ and Cl-
- 26Distal TubuleIs where secretion starts in the nephron and even more substances get reabsorbed into the bloodstream. The first place where concentrated urine passes through
- 27Collecting DuctWhere the concentrated urine is gathered and water is sometimes reabsorbed, depending on the hydration of the organism
- 28ADHAntidiuretic Hormone controls whether water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream if the body is dehydrated. It creates more concentrated urine
- 29AldosteroneConnects to blood pressure and influences sodium reabsorption in the bloodstream. Results in a higher blood pressure and hydration as a result of attempting to maintain homeostasis
- 30Kidney DialysisWhen someone has an artificial kidney made from tubing that filters out substances and reabsorbs them like a normal kidney with the use of dialysis fluid
- 31MusclesEffectors which allow movement to be carried out. The 3 types include Cardiac, Skeletal, and Smooth
- 32Cardiac MuscleIs specific to the heart and has many nuclei, it is unique in that it never stops its movement and continues to contract and relax
- 33Smooth MuscleUsed to line cell walls like the small intestine and has one nucleus. Involuntary movement
- 34Skeletal MuscleCommon muscle like your biceps or triceps, work in pairs and need voluntary control
- 35AntagonisticMeans that muscle need to do the opposite of each other or go against each other. They can only pull, not push, which explains why each skeletal muscle works in a pair
- 36FlexorThe muscle that bends the joint
- 37ExtensorThe muscle that straightens the joint
- 38ActinA thin filament protein that is controlled by the brain and contains tropomyosin. Looks like two strings of beads loosely wound together
- 39MyosinA thick filament protein that have small heads that grab onto the actin protein when contracting. Looks like a double sided golf club
- 40SarcomereThe complex made of the actin and myosin proteins and the Z-line
- 41MyofibrilA bundle that contains many bunches of sarcomere
- 42Sliding Filament TheoryWhen the muscle contracts, the sarcomeres get smaller but do not change in length. They overlap and on relaxation the actin slides on top of the myosin.
- 43TropomyosinA long rope like protein that is attached to actin and covers the bonding sites where myosin heads attach
- 44TroponinA protein that bonds with a calcium ion to move tropomyosin out of the way, allowing myosin heads to bind to the actin protein strand
- 45AtrophyWhen the muscles fall into disuse and get noticeably smaller and weaker, sometimes resulting in paralysis.
- 46HyperAtrophyWhen the muscles are worked regularly and many myofibrils slowly get bigger, creating slightly larger cells that eventually result in bigger muscles.
- 47Muscle TwitchA small contraction that needs little power
- 48LatentWhen the muscle is at rest
- 49SummationMany small muscle twitches that increase in power until tetanus is achieved
- 50TetanusThe maximum power of a muscle achieved after summation
- 51Fast Twitch MusclesMainly anaerobic muscles that are bulkier and lose energy faster over a period of time
- 52Slow Twitch MusclesMainly aerobic muscles that are less bulky and have high endurance
- 53Respiratory SystemThe purpose is to provide oxygen for the cells in the body, thus causing cellular respiration and the creation of ATP and energy. Uses the nasal passageways, pharynx, epiglottis, glottis, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
- 54The 4 Stages of RespirationBreathing (exchanges gases with internal and external environments), External Respiration (CO2 and oxygen exchange in lungs and bloodstream), Internal Respiration (Exchange between blood stream and tissue cells), Cellular Respiration (Combines glucose and oxygen to create ATP, carbon dioxide, and water)
- 55Nasal PassageLined with cells, hairs, and mucus that trap and contain dirt and impurities in the air. This stage moistens, warms, and cleans air before it enters the body
- 56PharynxAlso called the throat, it is the broader passageway that lets air and food pass into the body through separate tubes
- 57EpiglottisFlap that prevents food from going into the trachea
- 58GlottisThe opening from the pharynx to the larynx
- 59LarynxMade up of cartilage and contains the vocal chords that vibrate when the air tighten the muscles around each chord
- 60TracheaWind-pipe gets its strength from cartilage rings that prevent it from collapsing. It sometimes becomes blocked by accidental food which results in choking
- 61LungsThe right lung is heavier and has 3 folds while the left has two due to its closeness to the heart. Each lung is surrounded by the pleural membrane
- 62Pleural MembraneIs on both the outside and inside of the lungs to keep them connected to the movement of the body and to prevent possible collapse
- 63BronchiStem from the trachea and into the lungs, still made with cartilage rings that support and lined with cilia and mucus to trap any undesirable substances
- 64BronchiolesMany stem from the two bronchi and have ailing the same structure but with less and less cartilage. Move down the lung in rootlike patterns and lead to the alveoli
- 65AlveoliSmall air sacs grouped in grade shaped clusters. Where the exchange of gases take place and allows oxygen into the bloodstream through the capillary network that surrounds each one
- 66DiaphragmIs a dome-shaped structure that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
- 67Intercostal MuscleIs found between the ribs and help form and move the chest wall
- 68Air Pressure (Breathing)External environment has a high air pressure and the internal environment (body) has a low air pressure. The pressure inside your body lowers when you inhale and increases when you exhale
- 69Rib Muscles (Breathing)When you inhale the ribcage moves upward and outward, when you exhale it moves back down and inward
- 70Diaphragm (Breathing)During inhalation the muscle contracts and moves down, flattening out. Exhalation causes it to move up into its original position
- 71Volume in Chest Cavity (Breathing)The volume increases when you inhale and decreases when you exhale
- 72SpirographA graph showing the movement of breathing, including the following areas: Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, and residual volume
- 73Tidal VolumeVolume of air taken up in your lungs when you breathe normally without strain or difficulty (without exercise)
- 74Inspiratory Reserve VolumeAdditional volume in the lungs used when you inhale deeper than usual
- 75Expiratory Reserve VolumeAdditional volume in the lungs used when you exhale deeper then usual
- 76Vital CapacityTotal volume of gas that can be moved in and out of the lungs including the tidal, inspiratory, and expiratory volumes
- 77Residual VolumeThe space in the lungs that contain gas that is never moved out of the lungs or respiratory system. Prevents the collapse of the lungs
- 78External RespirationTakes place in the lungs and exchanges gas between alveoli and the capillary network. Does this through diffusion and facilitated diffusion
- 79Internal RespirationTakes place in the blood and exchanges gases between the blood plasma and alveoli. Does this through the use of hemoglobin, diffusion, and dissolving carbon dioxide after forming bicarbonate
- 80Concentration GradientGoing from high to low pressure or concentration
- 81Cilia and Mucus CellsWork to clean air as it goes through the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
- 82Collapsed LungWhen the alveoli in the lung deflate and the membranes stick together, making it difficult or impossible to breath. Can occur from a number of different reasons
- 83ChemoreceptorsThey send a message to the medulla of the brain if the pH of the blood is too high, due to CO2. This forces the body to take a breath and is why mammals cannot hold their breath for long
Informações
- Descrição
- The Urinary System, Muscles, and the Respiratory System
- Criado por
- Natasha Gidluck
- Visualizações
- 19
- Avaliação