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Flashcards

NATS1670 Flashcards

Brianna Murphy NATS Inglês 101 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (101)

  1. 1MicrobesA microorganism, especially bacterium causing disease. Commonly beneficial for humans.
  2. 2Chronic diseaseA disease lasting three or more months.
  3. 3Acute diseaseA disease that comes on rapidly and lasts a short time.
  4. 4TuberculosisA chronic disease taking ~30 years to kill the host. Has been around for 10,000 years, and can be spread easily person-person or person-environment.
  5. 5EbolaAn acute virus with a high likelihood of death shortly after exposure. Has been around for 40 years. Transferred from bats to humans.
  6. 6The Spanish FluA pandemic occurring in 1918 and likely originated in Kansas that caused 50+ million deaths worldwide. Also called H1N1.
  7. 7Antibiotic resistanceA mutation in some diseases allowing them to persist despite antibiotic use.
  8. 8ReservoirThe natural origin of a disease. Examples: AIDS and chimps, SARS and bats, West Nile Virus and wild birds.
  9. 9BioterrorismIntentional release of a bacteria, virus or toxin for the purpose of harming or killing civilians. Ex: The anthrax attack of 2001.
  10. 10EradicationComplete removal of a disease from all of the population.
  11. 11SmallpoxA longstanding, extremely aggressive disease that was eradicated in the 1980s. Was identifiable by facial blisters and used as a bio-weapon in French-native conflict.
  12. 12MicroscopesVisual aid for observing microorganisms developed in the mid 1600s. Comes in Light microscopy and Electron microscopy.
  13. 13UnicellularMade up of just one cell. Ex: Bacteria and yeast.
  14. 14MulticellularMade up of multiple cells. Ex: Humans, most plants and animals.
  15. 15ProkaryotesLacking in a nucleus, no RNA processing, no organelles, cell wall. Ex: bacteria and cyanobacteria.
  16. 16EukaryotesDeveloped nucleus and RNA processing (requires a nucleus). Ex: Skeletal muscle cells, motor neurons and fat cells.
  17. 17Cell membraneSeparates the inside of the cell from the outside, and regulates what enters and exits.
  18. 18DNADeoxyribonucleic acid, the carrier of genetic information.
  19. 19RNARibonucleic acid, usually the messenger of genetic information in the cell. Can be the carrier of genetic information in some viruses.
  20. 20VirusAn infective agent too small to be seen by light microscopy, and dependent on the replicating functions of other cells to multiply. Not living, and cannot make proteins.
  21. 21Phospholipid bilayerThe membrane of a cell consisting of the hydrophilic head group and the hydrophobic tail group. Has a positive charge outside, and a negative charge inside.
  22. 22Signal transductionThe sending of a message to a cell through the membrane from the outside. Cancer uses this to tell cells to replicate too much, causing tumors.
  23. 23VesiclesA pod that fuses to the plasma membrane, allowing molecules inside to pass through. Viruses may also use this technique.
  24. 24CytoplasmMaterial in the cell excluding the nucleus. Includes: organelles, mitochondria, lysosomes, and the thick fluid suspending everything in the cell.
  25. 25MitochondriaThe powerhouse of the cell
  26. 26OrganellesMembrane-enclosed organelles providing discrete compartments where specific cellular activities take place. Only in eukaryotic cells.
  27. 27LysosomesThe clean-up crew of the cell. Break down molecules into their base components using strong digestive enzymes.
  28. 28Golgi apparatusAn organelle that stores and modifies proteins for specific functions, notably lysosomes.
  29. 29NucleusStorage in the cell containing genetic material. The largest organelle we have. Contains DNA, RNA and proteins.
  30. 30NucleolusContained in the nucleus of a cell, responsible for ribosomal RNA synthesis and the formation of ribosomes.
  31. 31Endoplasmic reticulumAn organelle in the cytoplasm. Usually connected to ribosomes and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
  32. 32Prokaryotic cell shapesInclude bacillus (rod-like), spirillum (spiral-shaped), coccus (spherical), strepto-coccus (divided at the ends), and vibrio (curved rods).
  33. 33PsychrophilesProkaryotic cells growing best below 20 degrees. Can survive in glaciers.
  34. 34MesophilesProkaryotic cells growing best between 20-50 degrees. Can be found in hot springs and humans.
  35. 35AcidiophilesProkaryotic cells growing best at pH of 1-2. Examples include helicobacter pylori in the stomach.
  36. 36NeutrophilesProkaryotic cells growing best at near neutral pH.
  37. 37AlkaphileProkaryotic cells growing best at pH as high as 9.
  38. 38HalophilesProkaryotic cells growing best at high salt concentrations.
  39. 39MethanophilesProkaryotic cells growing best with large supplies of methane.
  40. 40AerobicProkaryotic cells requiring oxygen for growth.
  41. 41AnaerobicProkaryotic cells that cannot survive oxygen
  42. 42CyanobacteriaBlue-green bacteria that can perform photosynthesis using water as an electron-donating substrate. Produces molecular oxygen.
  43. 43BacteriaUnicellular organisms that lack organelles and an organized nucleus, and can sometimes cause disease. One of the three 'Kingdoms of Life'.
  44. 44ArchaeaSimilar to bacteria, but have major differences in their cell wall, allowing them to thrive in extreme conditions. One of the three 'Kingdoms of Life'.
  45. 45EukaryaOrganisms with nuclei including fungi, yeast, mold and protozoa. Developed into plants and animals. One of the three 'Kingdoms of Life'.
  46. 46The Central DogmaThe flow of information in a cell. DNA (information storage) is expressed by transcription into RNA. RNA translates into proteins. Proteins form phenotypes.
  47. 47GenomeThe complete set of genetic material in an organism. For humans, it consists of 23 pairs of genes that are 6 feet long stretched out.
  48. 48AtomsThe smallest chemical unit of matter.
  49. 49MoleculesTwo or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
  50. 50Phosphodiester BondThe linkage between phosphate groups on the 5' carbon of one nucleotide and the OH group on the 3' of another, allowing DNA and RNA to form in chains.
  51. 51Chargaff's RuleBases come in matching pairs of A/T and G/C. There will always be equal amounts. Ex. If you have 10% adenine you will have 10% thymine, 40% guanine and 40% cytosine.
  52. 52DuplicationThe replication of DNA, wherein it 'unzips' the DNA and uses DNA polymerase to replicate and make a new strand.
  53. 53UracilThe RNA equivalent of thymine, paired with adenine.
  54. 54RNA PolymeraseAn enzyme responsible for synthesizing an RNA transcript from a DNA template.
  55. 55Regulatory RegionThe sequence of bases in DNA controlling initiation of transcription.
  56. 56Transcribed regionThe sequence of bases that are read into functional molecules (DNA and protein).
  57. 57Termination siteThe sequence of nucleotides in DNA that stop transmission from polymerase.
  58. 58TranscriptionThe process of releasing information contained in a DNA sequence. Contains three steps: initiation, elongation and termination.
  59. 59MutationAny change in an organism's DNA sequence. Can be harmful or beneficial.
  60. 60Point mutationA change in a single nucleotide of DNA. Includes silent, missense and nonsense mutations.
  61. 61Silent MutationA change of a base in DNA that does not alter the amino acid sequence.
  62. 62Missense mutationA point mutation that causes a change in the amino acid sequence of the protein.
  63. 63Nonsense mutationA point mutation that creates a stop codon, ending the production of the protein entirely.
  64. 64Frameshift mutationInsertion or deletion mutations that change all subsequent amino acid sequences.
  65. 65Immune SystemThe body's form of protection from and response to foreign invading organisms and altered host cells.
  66. 66Intrinsic/physiological barriersExternal methods preventing infection such as skin, gastrointestinal tract pH, saliva, mucus, etc.
  67. 67Innate immunityThe body's immediate response to infection. Does not have immunological memory, and is not specific. Also called 'nonspecific immunity'.
  68. 68Adaptive immunitySlower acting immune response with immunological memory and a developing specificity- one cell can recognize one pathogen. Also called 'specific immunity'.
  69. 69Antigens (Ag)Substances that induce a specific immune response and subsequently react with the products of a specific immune response. They cover the surface of pathogens.
  70. 70Antibodies (An/Ig)Cells produced by plasma cells in response to an antigen that can respond specifically to that antigen. Have two arms to grab antigens, and an Fc receptor for macrophages to attach to.
  71. 71MacrophagesWhite blood cells that envelop and consume foreign substances, cancer cells, cellular debris, microbes, etc. A part of the immune response.
  72. 72NeutralizationIg 'neutralizes' the toxins by binding to the port of an A-B toxin, preventing it from activating.
  73. 73AgglutinationIg creates complexes of large, easily sedimented antigens together.
  74. 74PrecipitationIg creates complexes of soluble molecule antigens.
  75. 75Complement ActivationAntibodies bound to a pathogen create holes in the bacteria.
  76. 76Opsonization.Ig binds to the pathogen, 'buttering' it to entice macrophages to 'eat' it. Lysosomes inside the macrophage destroy the pathogen.
  77. 77Clonal SelectionAn immunological response. When ~5-10 antibodies encounter their antigen and rapidly multiply to approximately 10^6 antibodies.
  78. 78Immunological MemoryThe ability of an immune system to respond more quickly and effectiely to pathogens that have been encounterd previously. (uses memory cells).
  79. 79Passive immunizationWhen the body is injected with the antibodies against a pathogen that deal with the infection.
  80. 80Active immunizationWhen the body is presented with antigens that allow it to develop memory cells and antibodies itself.
  81. 81VariolationInoculation with the wild-type organism. Began through sniffing smallpox dust in China in ~2000 BC.
  82. 82Live attenuated vaccinesThe patient is injected with a less virulent form of a disease, protecting them from the more virulent form.
  83. 83Herd immunityWhen the majority of the population is immunized, protecting those who cannot be immunized. Ex: MMR vaccines.
  84. 84Kill organismsA vaccination procedure wherein the virions are inactivated by chemical procedures (infectivity and ability to replicate are eliminated). Ex: Influenza vaccine, Salk's polio vaccine, modern rabies vaccine.
  85. 85Subunit vaccinationWhen a small fragment of the virus is cloned using yeast/bacterial cells to make helpful proteins for the body.
  86. 86Bacterial ExotoxinsVaccination wherein enzymes destroy the active side of AB toxins, turning them into toxoids (non-active toxins with binding ports).
  87. 87Serum sicknessThe body's averse reaction to medicine containing proteins to help with immune reactions. Can also react to antiserum.
  88. 88Cutter IncidentA vaccine tragedy caused by Cutter laboratories wherein 40,000 cases of polio virus infection were caused, 200 children were left in various stages of paralysis and 10 died.
  89. 89Andrew WakefieldA fraudulent doctor who wrote a paper implying that MMR causes gastrointestinal inflammation, which in turn causes autism. Sparked an anti-vaccination movement.
  90. 90Allergic reactionA two-stage reaction that involves sensitization, then reaction. Must involve IgE to be considered an allergic reaction.
  91. 91AsthmaAn allergic reaction wherein inhaled allergens cause inflammation, and induces bronchial smooth muscle to over-secrete mucus and contract.
  92. 92HistamineAn inflammatory chemical released by mast cells and basophils, commonly involved in allergic reactions.
  93. 93Anaphylactic shockDegranulation of many mast cells all at one, causing large amounts of released histamine and inflammatory mediators. Involves fluid leakage from blood vessels and swelling larynx.
  94. 94EpinephrineA drug used in treatment of anaphylactic shock that neutralizes many mechanisms of anaphylaxis for a period of time.
  95. 95Hygene hypothesisThe theory that young exposure to bacteria and other antigens can reduce instances of allergy.
  96. 96Lytic growth cycleThe replication cycle of a virus wherein it enters a cell, uses interior mechanisms to multiply, then exits the cell.
  97. 97Lysogenic cyleThe viral replication cycle wherein viral genes are incorporated into the host's chromosome and transmitted to the host's daughter cells. Can evolve into the lytic growth cycle.
  98. 98HerpesAn extremely common family of viruses including chickenpox, shingles, herpes simplex and more.
  99. 99Oncogenic virusesViruses with cancer-causing properties. Includes Epstein-Barr Virus, Herpes virus type 8, HPV and Hepatitis B and C.
  100. 100LysisThe process wherein viruses multiply excessively inside the cell, then break it open and exit.
  101. 101InterferonsSignalling proteins by host cells in response to pathogens, intended to increase anti-viral defenses of nearby cells.

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Flashcard resource for NATS1670 students
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Brianna Murphy
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