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Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Lorann Kearney Biopsychology Inglês 117 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (117)

  1. 1neuroaxisan imaginary line drawn through the center of the length of the central nervous system, from the bottom of the spinal cord to the front of the forebrain
  2. 2anteriorwith respect to the CNS, located near or toward the head
  3. 3posteriorwith respect to the CNS, located near or toward the tail
  4. 4rostralwith respect to the CNS, in a direction along the neuraxis toward the front of the face ("Toward the beak")
  5. 5caudalwith respect to the CNS, in a direction along the neuraxis away from the front of the face ("toward the tail")
  6. 6dorsalwith respect to the CNS, in a direction perpendicular to the neuraxis toward the top of the head or the back ("toward the back")
  7. 7ventralwith respect to the CNS, in a direction perpendicular to the neuraxis toward the top of the head or the back ("toward the back")
  8. 8lateraltoward the side of the body away from the middle
  9. 9medialtoward the middle of the body away from the side
  10. 10ipsilaterallocated on the same side of the body
  11. 11contralaterallocated on the opposite side of the body
  12. 12cross sectionwith respect to the CNS, a slice taken at right angles to the neuraxis
  13. 13frontal sectiona slice through the brain parallel to the forehead
  14. 14horizontal sectiona slice through the brain parallel to the ground
  15. 15sagittal sectiona slice through the brain parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground
  16. 16midsagital planethe plane through the neuraxis perpendicular to the ground that divides the brain into two symmetrical halves
  17. 17meninges (sing. meninx)the three layers of tissue that encase the CNS: the dura matter, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater
  18. 18dura materthe outermost of the meninges that is thick and flexible
  19. 19arachnoid membranethe middle layer of the meninges, located between the outer dura mater and the innter pia mater
  20. 20pia materthe layer of the meninges that clings to the surface of the brain and is thin and delicate
  21. 21subarachnoid spacethe fluid-filled space that cushions the brain that is located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater
  22. 22cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)a clear fluid, similar to blood plasma, that fills the ventricular system of the brain and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord
  23. 23ventricleone of the hollow spaces within the brain, filled with CSF
  24. 24lateral ventricleone of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon
  25. 25third ventriclethe ventricle located in the center of the diencephalon
  26. 26cerebral aqueducta narrow tube interconnecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain, located in the center of the mesencephalon
  27. 27fourth ventriclethe ventricle located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the metencephalon
  28. 28choroid plexusthe highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces CSF
  29. 29neural tubea hollow tube, closed at the rostral end, that forms from ectodermal tissue early in embryonic development that serves as the origin of the central nervous system
  30. 30cerebral cortexthe outermost layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemisphere
  31. 31progenitor cellscells of the ventricular zone that divide and give rise to cells of the central nervous system
  32. 32ventricular zone (VZ)a layer of cells that line the inside of the neural tube that contains progenitor cells that divide and give rise to cells of the central nervous system
  33. 33symmetrical divisiondivision of a progenitor cell that gives rise to two identical cells; increases the size of the ventricular zone and hence the brain that develops from it
  34. 34asymmetrical divisiondivision of a progenitor cell that gives rise to another progenitor cell and a neuron, which migrates away from the ventricular zone toward its final resting place in the brain
  35. 35radial gliaspecial glia with fibers that grow radially outward from the ventricular zone to the surface of the cortex that provide guidance for neurons migrating outward during brain development
  36. 36apoptosisdeath of a cell caused by a chemical signal that activates a genetic mechanism inside the cell
  37. 37neurogenesisthe production of new neurons within the brain
  38. 38forebrainthe most rostral of the three major divisions of the brain; including the telecephalon and diencephalon
  39. 39cerebral hemisphereone of the two major portions of the forebrain, covered by the cerebral cortex
  40. 40subcortical regionthe region located within the brain, beneath the cortical surface
  41. 41sulcus (plur. sulci)a groove, smaller than a fissure, in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere
  42. 42fissurea major groove in the surface of the brain that is larger than a sulcus
  43. 43gyrus (plur. gyri)a convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, seperated by sulci or fissures
  44. 44primary visual cortexthe region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system
  45. 45calcarine fissurea fissure located in the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the brain; most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks
  46. 46primary auditory cortexthe region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system
  47. 47lateral fissurethe fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlaying frontal and parietal lobes
  48. 48primary somatosensory cortexthe region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system
  49. 49sentral sulcusthe sulcus that seperates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
  50. 50primary motor cortexthe region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscles
  51. 51frontal lobethe anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, rostral to the parietal and dorsal to the temporal lobe
  52. 52parietal lobethe region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the frontal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe
  53. 53temporal lobethe region of the cerebral cortex rostral to the occipital lobe and ventral to the parietal and frontal lobes
  54. 54occipital lobethe region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the parietal and temporal lobes
  55. 55sensory association cortexthose regions of the cerebral cortex that receive information from the regions of primary sensory cortex
  56. 56motor association cortex/premotor cortexthe region of the frontal lobe rostal to the primary motor cortex
  57. 57prefrontal cortexthe region of the frontal lobe rostral to the motor association cortex
  58. 58corpus callosuma large bundle of axons that interconnects corresponding regions of the association cortex on each side of the brain
  59. 59neocortexthe phylogenetically newest cortex, including the primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex, and association cortex
  60. 60limbic cortexphylogenetically old cortex, located at the medial edge of the cerebral hemispheres that is part of the limbic system
  61. 61cingulate gyrusa strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum
  62. 62limbic systema group of brain regions including the anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles
  63. 63hippocampusa forebrain structure of the medial temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system and is involved in learning and memory
  64. 64amygdalaa structure in the interior of the rostral temmporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei and is part of the limbic system
  65. 65fornixa fiber bundle that connects the hippocampus with other parts of the brain, including the mammilary bodies of the hypothalamus and is part of the limbic system
  66. 66mammillary bodiesa protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus, containing some hypothalamic nuclei and is part of the limbic system
  67. 67basal gangliaa group of subcortical nuclei in the telencephalon, the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus, and the putamen that are important parts of the motor system
  68. 68nucleus (plur. nuclei)an identifiable group of neural cell bodies in the CNS
  69. 69diencephalona region of the forebrain surrounding the third ventricle; including the thalamus and the hypothalamus
  70. 70thalamusthe largest portion of the diencephalon, located above the hypothalamus that contains nuclei that project information to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receive information from it
  71. 71projection fiberan axon of the neuron in one region of the brain whose terminals form synapses with neurons in another region
  72. 72lateral geniculate nucleusa group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus that receives fibers from the retina and projects fibers to the primary visual cortex
  73. 73medial geniculate nucleusa group of cell bodies within the medial geniculate body of the thalamus that recieves fibers from the auditory system and projects fibers from the auditory system and projects fibers to the primary auditory cortex
  74. 74ventrolateral nucleusa nucleus of the thalamus that receives inputs from the cerebellum and sends axons to the primary motor cortex
  75. 75hypothalamusthe group of nuclei of the diencephalon situated beneath the thalamus that is involved in regulation of the autonomic nervous system, control of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands, and integration of species-typical behaviors
  76. 76optic chaisman x-shaped connection between the optic nerves, located below the base of the brain, just anterior to the pituitary gland
  77. 77anterior pituitary glandan endocrine gland located on the anterior part of the pituitary gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones
  78. 78neurosecratory cella neuron that secretes a hormone or hormonelike substance
  79. 79posterior pituitary glandan endocrine gland located on the posterior part of the pituitary gland that contains hormone-secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hypothalamus
  80. 80midbrain/mesencephalonthe central of the 3 major divisions of the brain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct and includes the tectum and the tegmentum
  81. 81tectumthe dorsal part of the midbrain that includes the superior and inferior colliculi
  82. 82superior culliculiprotrusions on top of the midbrain that are part of the visual system
  83. 83inferior colliculiprotrusions on top of the midbrain that are part of the auditory system
  84. 84brain stemthe "stem" of the brain, from the medulla to the diencephalon, excluding the cerebellum
  85. 85tegmentumthe ventral part of the midbrain that includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra
  86. 86reticular formationa large network of neural tissue located in the central region of the brain stem, from the medulla to the diencephalon
  87. 87periaqueductal gray matterthe region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct that contains neural circuits involved in species-typical behaviors
  88. 88red nucleusa large nucleus of the midbrain that receives input from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord
  89. 89substantia nigraa darkly stained region of the tegmentum that contains neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia
  90. 90hindbrainthe most caudal of the 3 major divisions of the brain and includes the metencephalon and myelencephalon
  91. 91cerebelluma major part of the brain located dorsal to the pons, containing the two cerebellar hemispheres, covered with the cerebellar cortex and is an important component of the motor system
  92. 92cerebellar cortexthe cortex that covers the surface of the cerebellum
  93. 93deep cerebellar nucleinuclei located within the cerebellar hemispheres that receive projections from the cerebellar cortex and send projections out of the cerebellum to other parts of the brain
  94. 94cerebellar peduncleone of the three bundles of axons that attach each cerebellar hemisphere to the dorsal pons
  95. 95ponsthe region of the metencephalon rostral to the medulla, caudal to the midbrain and ventral to the cerebellum
  96. 96medulla oblongatathe most caudal portion of the brain that is located in the myelencephalon, immediately rostral to the spinal cord
  97. 97spinal cordthe cord of the nervous tissue that extends caudally from the medulla
  98. 98spinal roota bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue that occurs in pairs, which fuse and form a spinal nerve
  99. 99cauda equinaa bundle of spinal roots located caudal to the end of the spinal cord
  100. 100caudal blockthe anesthesia and paralysis of the lower part of the body produced by injection of a local anesthetic into the CSF surrounding the cauda equina
  101. 101dorsal rootthe spinal root that contains incoming (afferent) sensory fibers
  102. 102ventral rootthe spinal root that contains outgoing (efferent)motor fibers
  103. 103spinal nervea peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord
  104. 104afferent axonan axon directed toward the central nervous system, conveying sensory information
  105. 105dorsal root gangliona nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons
  106. 106efferent axonan axon directed away from the central nervous system, conveying motor commands to muscles and glands
  107. 107cranial nervea peripheral nerve attached directly to the brain
  108. 108vagus nervethe largest of the cranial nerve, conveying afferent fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system to the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
  109. 109olfactory bulbthe protrusion at the end of the olfactory nerve that receives input from the olfactory receptors
  110. 110somatic nervous systemthe part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the CNS
  111. 111Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)The portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's vegetative functions
  112. 112sympathetic divisionthe portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy
  113. 113sympathetic gangliaNodules that contain synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system
  114. 114sympathetic ganglion chainone of a pair of groups of sympathetic ganglia that lie ventrolateral to the vertebral column
  115. 115preganglionic neuronthe efferent neuron of the autonomic system whose cell body is located in a cranial nerve nucleus or in the intermediate horn of the spinal gray matter and whose terminal buttons synapse upon postganglionic neurons in the autonomic ganglia
  116. 116postganglionic neuronneurons of the ANS that form synapses directly with their target organ
  117. 117parasympathetic divisionthe portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that occur during a relaxed state

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Flashcards for Chapter 3 of Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience
Criado por
Lorann Kearney
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