Primates

Primates

Strepsirhini

(Wet Nose)

(Galagoes, Lorises & Lemurs))

Haplornini

(Dry Nose)

(Tarsiers, humans, monkeys, apes)

Lemuriformes

(, Lorises & Lemurs))

Lemuoidea

Lorisoidea

Platyrrhini

(Flat side facing noses. New World)

Tarsiiformes

Anthropoidea

Catarrhini

(Downward facing nostrils. Old World)

Ateloidea

Cereopithecoidea

Hominiodea

Hylobatidae

Hominidae

Pithecidae

Cebidae

Atelidae

Ponginae

Gorillinae

Homininae

Pongo

Organutans

Gorilla

(Gorillas)

Panini

Homini

Pan

(Chimpanzees&Baboons)

Homo

pygmaeus

gorilla

troglodytes

sapiens

Cercopithecinae

(Simple stomachs. Like us)

Colobinae

(Specialized stomachs. 3-4 chambers)

Cercopithecidae

1, Grasping hands & feet

– Pentactyly

– Opposable thumb & big toe

– Nails instead of claws

2. Visual system

– Forward-facing eyes (stereoscopic vision)

– Reduction in olfaction

3. Large, complex brains

– Enlarged neocortex

– Long periods of infant dependency, reliance on learning

4. Features of the skeleton & dentition

– Undifferentiated, primitive skeleton

– Trunkal uprightness

– Reduction in tooth number

- A lot of them lost their clavicle. Upright trunks.

PRIMATE PATTERN

Geographic

Almost exclusively tropical and continental

Used to be broken into PROSIIMI & ANTHROPOIDEA

Lemurs & Lorises

- Early Diverging. Primitive Retained more ancestral traits

Characteristics

- Found in Africa, Asia, Indonesia (Old World Only)

- Nocturnal (mostly)

- Large eyes

- Tapetum (layer of cells that cause “eye shine”) Bounce around to see better at night

- Independently mobile ears. very good hearing to communicate

- Immobile upper lip. upper lip is connected to lips

- Inexpressive face

- Rely on scent marking. Glands in writs, urine mark, genital,

- Dental comb

- Grooming claw used to groom each other

- Rhinarium – most hairless pad at end of nose; enhances sense of smell

Locomotive

- Vertical clinging and leaping (Long legs to push and support)

Lemuroidea

- 5 fam. 100> species

- Mostly in madagascar and has the smallest species. Suspeted to gone through RAFTING

- Eats Insects and tree gum

- Smaller lemurs are nocturnal, insectivore, solitary (Aye Aye)

- Larger Lemurs are diurnal, diverse diets, and socially organized. Some arboreal and terrestrial. (Indris Sifakas, Ring tailed)

Lorisidae

(Slow climvbers, Africa, SE asia)

Galagidae

(Vertical climbers only. Called Bush babies. Africa.)

Lorisoidea

�Strictly Nocturnal

�common ancestor with lemurs in the Eocene

� Competition on mainland Africa so nocturnal

�Lorisiformes are solitary

�Diet – insects and fruit. Foragers

Suborder

Infraorder

Parvorder

Superfamily

Family

Subfamily

Tribe

Genus

Species

Haplornini

� Tarsiers, Monkeys, Apes, & Humans

� All diurnal (except - Owl monkeys & tarsiers)

� Rely less on scent (olfaction) than strepsirhines

� Reduced sense of smell & hearing, vision enhanced

� Flatter faces

� Dry noses

� Mobile upper lip – more expressive faces

� Small immobile ears (except tarsiers)

Tarsiers

� Taxonomically intermediate between lemurs/lorises

and monkeys/apes

� Don’t really fit – separate suborder? Living fossil?

� Haplorrhine designation reflects important differences

between tarsiers and lemurs/lorises (strepsirrhines)

� Dry nose (no rhinarium)

� No tapetum (despite being nocturnal)

� No dental comb

� Other features like post orbital closure

� Unique features… unfused mandibular symphasis, bicornate uteris. Heart shpaed uterus weird connection between eyes and brain

� Found only in SE asia. Philippines and Indonesia

� Elongated tarsal bones- great leapers. Carnivores. Eats eyes closed. Stares straight at you.

� Largest eyes relative to body size of any living

creature (cannot be moved in their sockets)

� Can swivel their necks 180º in either direction

Traits of New World Monkeys

� All have tails

� Some have prehensile tails

� Smaller body size than OWM

� All arboreal live only trees

� More paternal care than other primate groups

Distribution

�Mexico

�Central+South America

� Called neotropical

NWMs not terrestrial? • Greater predation pressure for a relatively

small-bodied radiation?

• Availability of productive savannah-type

habitats is lower in the neotropics?

Cercopithecinae

� Many parts of Africa and Asia

� Exhibit range of different habitats,

diets, social organization

� Mostly terrestrial

� Mostly omnivorous

� Mostly female-bonded

� Sexually dimorphic

� Have cheek pouches. Competition reasons.

Cercopithecoidea – Old World Monkeys

� F​Old world = AFrica, Asia, Europe

� Found in a wide variety of environments

� All diurnal

� All single births – twins as common as in humans

� Some species are terrestrial – live mainly on the

ground

� Bigger than NWM

� Often sexually dimorphic. Flashy Males

� Ischial callosities. Hard buts from sitting

Colobinae

�Anatomically specialized leaf

eaters

�Sacculated stomach to support

bacteria for digestion of cellulose

� Colobus monkeys – Africa

� Langurs, leaf monkeys & oddnosed

monkeys – Asia

� More arboreal species

• Allo-mothering common (Willing to let other mothers hold)

• Presence of striking neo-natal coats

Hominoidea:

�No tails

�Larger size and weight

�Larger brain to body weight ratio

�More upright posture

�Longer gestation and maturation

Hylobatidae

� Short legs & long arm apes. Lesser apes

� Gibbons and Siamangs

� Lesser apes

� Southeast Asia

� Pair living (monogamous) One male one female one offspring. VERY territorial

Brachiation: Need to have

� Long, strong arms

� Elongated hook-like

fingers

� Shortened/reduced

thumbs

� Short hind limbs

� Erect, infexible spine

Homininae

- Knuckle walking

Organutans

� Asian great ape

� Solitary

� Arboreal

� Frugivore

�Quadrumanus

locomotion

� Solitary unless they have babies

� islands of Borneo and Sumatra

Gorilla

�African

�Ground dwelling

� Diet – leaves, shoots,

stems, some fruit

� Social organization –

variable – one or two

males with females and

young

� Prominent saggital and nuchal crests in fully adult male

Currently 3 subspecies:

�G. g. gorilla, western lowland

gorilla, brown-grey

�G. g. graueri, eastern lowland

gorilla, black-coated

� G. g. beringei, mountain

gorilla. Hair longer

Endnagered due to ebola

Chimpanzees

� African

� Terrestrial & Arboreal

� Omnivores

� Hunt (esp. red colobus)

� Make and use tools

Bonobo ( Genus Pan)

� “Pygmy chimpanzee”

� More bipedal behavior

� Strong bonds among females

� Use sex to ease tensions

CHIMPS VS BONOS

- Chimps are male dom & competitive

- Bono fem dom everyone has sex to chill

Distribution

- Chimps and bono are sep by the Congo river

​​​​​​Cebidae:

Marmosets and Tamarins

(Callitrichids)

� Smallest monkeys

� Claws instead of nails

(except big toe)

� Pair bonded (mono)

� Twins

� Male care of infants

� Sexually monomorphic

� Territorial

Family Atelidae

� Family with prehensile tails

� Female dispersal

� Large bodied

� Folivores & Frugivores