The Immune Response

The phagocyte is attracted to the pathogen by phospholipids secreted from damaged cells

The lysosome releases digestive enzymes into the phagosome like lysozymes and proteases

The digestive products are absorbed by the body, it leads to antigen presentation

A T helper cell with complementary proteins on its out surface membrane recognises the antigen on the APC

The Immune Response

The specific T helper cell will now undergo mitosis

These will now differentiate into either cytotoxic cells, memory T cells, phagocytes or not differentiate at all

Cytotoxic cells secrete perforins which makes holes in the pathogens membrane, stimulating apoptosis

Cell Mediated Response

T helper cells secrete interleukins

Interleukins activate the B cell with complementary antibodies to the antigen on its surface membrane. This is called clonal selection

This B cell will now undergo mitosis

Some of the B cells will differentiate into plasma cells, these can secret antibodies which bring about the destruction of the pathogen

Some clones will differentiate into memory B cells in case the same pathogen re-enters the body

Antibodies cause agglutination, making pathogens stick together so that it is easier for phagocytes to loacate and engulf them- the antibodies act as markers. This is possible because antibodies have 2 binding sites

Humoral Response