Diabetes

Diabetes

1. What?

   • AKA diabetes mellitus, a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar)

2. Risk factors

   • Family history
   • Disease of the pancreas
   • Obesity or being overweight
   • Age
   • Unhealthy diet
   • Sedentary lifestyle

3. Clinical manifestations

   • Frequent urination
   • Excessive thirst/hunger
   • Unexplained weight loss
   • Sudden vision changes
   • Feeling very tired most of the time
   • More infections than usual

4. Pathophysiology

   • The immune system attacks and destroys the insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas, leading to complete insulin deficiency
   • A relative deficiency of insulin and not an absolute deficiency. This means that the body is unable to produce adequate insulin to meet the needs. There is Beta cell deficiency coupled with peripheral insulin resistance
     • Peripheral insulin resistance means that although blood levels of insulin are high there is no hypoglycemia or low blood sugar
   • When there are excessive counter-insulin hormones during pregnancy. This leads to a state of insulin resistance and high blood sugar in the mother

5. Management

   • Surgical
     • Roux-en-gastric bypass
     • Sleev gastrectomy
     • Adjustable gastric band
   • Medical
     • Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose
     • Oral medication that works on producing insulin
     • Insulin injections for life

6. Complications

   • Retinopathy - disease of the eye
   • Nephropathy - disease of the kidneys
   • Neuropathy - disease of the nerves
   • Angina pectoris and heart attack
   • Transient ischemic attacks and strokes
   • Formation of ketone bodies leading to ketoacidosis

7. Types

   • Diabetes type 1
     • The body does not produce insulin
   • Diabetes type 2
     • The body does not produce enough insulin for proper function
   • Gestational Diabetes
     • Affects females during pregnancy

8. Causes

   • Insulin production is inadequate.
   • The body's cells do not respond properly to insulin

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