Ethnicity

Ethnicity

1. Rochdale Pedophic Sex Ring - ring group of asian men who preyed girls as young as 13 in Rochdale. often offenders plied the victims with drink + drugs before passed round for sex

2. Steven Laurence 1993 - stabbed to dead at bus stop unprovoked attack by a gang of white youths.He was with his friend Duwage Brooks. The CPS drops prosucution as it evidence from DB is unreliable. Then in 2012 they found guilty of murder

3. News papers + tv programmes often associate minority populations with Physical (sporting or criminal activities) rather than intellectual activities. Traditional media tend to ignore or downplay portraying the racism that is prevalent within society.

   • ie Usaine Bolt, Jessica Enece-Hill

4. Stereotypical representations: Akinti (2003): argues TV coverage of ethnic minorities focuses on crime, aids in Africa and black underachievement. Whilst ignoring culture & interests of a huge black audience and diverse interests. Any news is usually bad news and “seen through the eye of a white person”; the same as the “male gaze”

   • Sadiq Khan - mayor of london

5. Black Women in the Media: Gill (2007) argues that there is a narrow range of black women in the media.

   • black people not seen as beauty ideal

6. Van Dijk (1991): content analysis of the news from around the world and suggested that black communities are often painted in a negative light.Notes that there are 7 stereotypically negative types of news:

   • 1) Ethnic minorities as criminals Black crime and violence most frequent issue media coverage of ethnic minorities. Van Dijk believes that the tabloid press frequently associated black people with crime and in recent years with membership of organised gangs that push drugs and violently defend urban territories.
   • 2) Ethnic minorities and moral panics: Watson (2008) notes that moral panics often result from media stereotyping of Black people as potentially criminal. A classic example of this was seen in the late 70s/early 80s when ‘muggings’ by black people were ‘sensationalised’ by the media. In recent years new stereotypes have emerged, that have been applies to white people from Eastern Europe and countries close to Russia. These groups have been blamed for every recent problem that beset Britain and are blamed for things that are not true or are not their fault.
   • 3) Ethnic minorities as a threat: Van Dijk’s - common news stereotype was ethnic minorities are posing a threat to the majority White culture. The concept ‘threat’ is central to both news values and moral panics. In recent years, three groups seem to constitute the greatest threat in the UK, according to newspapers and TV. Moral panics have, therefore, been constructed around: • Immigrants: Because of numbers that enter the country and impact on the job market • Refugees and asylum seekers: Seen as a drain on welfare state and economy • Muslims: 9/11 led to Islamaphobia, this increased with the stabbing of Lee Rigby

7. The work of Dowling (2007) supports the findings of Van Dijk,but argues that the shift has also shifted onto Eastern European immigrants; from the year 2000 onwards. Eastern European Migrants were being attacked and blamed in the media for:Being benefit scroungers and lone parents , Stealing unwanted clothes, Taking British jobs, Drunken driving , Car crashes , Groping women etc. etc. These stories were absurd, untrue or over exaggerated, but did have a negative influence on some audiences; creating, confirming and reinforcing racial stereotypes by blaming minority ethnic groups for problems that were not created by them at all.

8. Hall – Policing the crisis Conducted a study in the 1970s surrounding the moral panic that surrounded black men as muggers. argues that some sections of right wing papers and the media colluded with the state to create a panic around the offence of mugging. Led to labelling of all young Afro- as criminals and a threat to the white Serves ideological purpose of turning white people against blacks and keeping blacks WC – Divide and rule. This led to an increase in demand for police in black communities – led to repressive laws.

9. Effects of Moral Panics on Gang Culture

   • Cultural identity – gang culture articulates the experiences of young people living in deprived areas.
   • Negative role models – gang culture and black men can be role models for young people
   • Reinforcing capitalist ideology – Cashmore (1996) argues that black culture is promoted through things like rap to make money – expensive lifestyles.

10. new media include moral panics around gang culture - rappers put videos of them with money+grugs

11. Islamophobia and the Media: ‘Muslim’ as a Stigmatised Identity. Since the Twin Towers terrorist attack (2001), the London bombings (2005) and the participation of a tiny minority of Muslim youth who have participated in Islamic State terrorist activities, Muslims have been stereotyped in the British media as a threat to social values and public safety

12. Goffman (1963 +1990)- ‘Stigmatised Identity’ argues that the very word ‘Muslim’ has become a ‘stigmatised Identity’:identity that is seen as abnormal, undesirable or demeaning and which excludes people from full acceptance in society. Argues that this has contributed to Islamophobia in the white majority population. Led Baroness Warsi, the first ever female Muslim Cabinet Minister in 2011 to coin the phrase ‘Fashionable Islamophobia’. She argued that anti-Muslim prejudice was even now accepted amongst the middle classes, whereby the Muslim population has now been talked about in a prejudiced, bigoted way.

    • AO3: Although it can be argued that Siddique Khan as London Mayor is testament that audiences see through the rhetoric

13. Cottle (2000) argues that media representation of ethnicity encourages media audiences to construct a sense of their identity by defining who ‘we’ are in relation to ‘who’ we are not, in terms of’ us’ and ‘them.’ This means that the white majority relate to who they are in relation to the difference of others.

14. The sun in 2005 had a story entitled "islam is not an evil religion"

    • Carlisle floods news footage - islamic relief + volunteering work to help flood victims

15. Nahdi (2003) argues that the way that newsgathering is now based on short ‘snippets’ has actually legitimized the voice of extremist Islam. These fringe groups (such as Islam 4 UK) are given a disproportionate amount of coverage even though they only represent a small minority of the Muslim population and are unacceptable to most Muslims. This coverage often ‘destroys trust amongst Muslim readerships and audiences.

16. 4) Ethnic minorities as abnormal: Sections of the British media may be guilty of creating false cultural stereotypes around the value systems + norms of other cultures. A survey by the BBC in 2002 found that Asian audiences = unhappy at the way that the media failed to differentiate between different Asian groups, which have very distinctive cultures. For example, arranged marriage was often confused with ‘forced’ marriage which was disapproved of in most Asian communities.

    • Ameli - media describe the hijab as oppressive to Muslim women + inferior to western dress yet many Muslim women feel liberated by the fact they are able to remain dignified + covered up.

17. 5) Ethnic minorities as unimportant: Van Dijk: Some sections of the media implies white people are more important than non- white. News about disasters in other countries where population is non-white will be kept to a few words. A story of one White British person dying will be prioritised over the suffering of 1000s. When a black person is a victim of crime the reporting is kept to a minimum.

    • massive coverage on arrina grande concert but places like sirea seen less important
      • more news worthy - more people interested ... so sells more
      • can't cover everyone in the world

18. 6) Ethnic minorities as dependent The GMG (2000) found stories about less developed countries tend to focus on ‘coup-war-famine-starvation syndrome’. Implication of such stories, both in newspapers +TV, is that the problems of developing countries are the result of stupidity, tribal conflict, too many babies, laziness, corruption and unstable political regimes. Such countries are portrayed as ‘depending’ on the West for aid with Comic Relief and Live Aid being viewed as the only way they can survive calamities and disasters

    • should promote fair-trade things so not exploited and push the idea
      • show documentaries in media instead

19. 7) Ethnic minorities as invisible

    • Limited Roles both on and off screen.
      • africans playing cleaner and asians playing shop keepers
    • Cultural Irrelevance
      • open university - uk ethnic minority communities don't relate to nations tv culture +don't fit in w/ tv prog that have strong white, middle- England accossiation
    • Tokenism
      • Ethnic minority audience = hostile to tokenism. Only include them as think have to not as it makes sense i.e. Black character in Emmerdale (Yorkshire)
    • Ghettoization
      • programmes of cultural difference + other ethnic groups but have on when not prime time. 1) white not likely to watch _ignorant 2) mainstream media assumes dealt w/

20. Changing Stereotypes of Ethnicity Media stereotypes of black and other ethnic minority groups do seem to be changing. Appreciation and greater media policy commitment to ethnic minority populations, has led to an increase in more channels serving EMG communities as well as EMG portrayals in mainstream media. Abercrombie (1996) stated that there are now more Black and Asian actors in popular dramas and soaps; they are portrayed as appearing as routine characters in normal everyday storylines.

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