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Physiology &Function
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Physiology &Function
Thermoregulation
- Endothermy vs. Ectothermy
- Reptiles and amphibians are ectothermic
- Need environmental factors to regulate body temp
- Some reptiles operate at body temp lethal to mammals
- Exceptions
- Incubating pythons
- Muscle twitch
- Leatherback turtles
- Incubating pythons
- Ectothermy
- Advantages
- Low energy requirements
- Higher population density/food availability
- Greater flexibilty in terms of body shape
- Disadvantages
- Performance affected by environment temp
- Restricted in cold habitats
- Behaviour constrained by thermoregulation
- Poor endurance
- Advantages
- Endothermy
- Advantages
- Unaffected by Te
- Better in cold habitats
- Few behavioural constraints
- Sustained power
- Disadvantages
- High energy requirements
- Lower population density/food availability
- Surface:volume ratio restricted
- Advantages
- Energetic benefits of ectothermy at small sizes
- Reptiles and amphibians are ectothermic
- MEAN BODY TEMPERATURE
- PREFERRED TEMPERATURE
- CRITICAL THERMAL
- LETHAL
- ACTIVITY RANGE
- OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE
- TOLERANCE RANGE
- Gaining and losing heat
- Radiation
- Electromagnetic waves emitted by all objects warmer than absolute zero
- Not direct contact
- The sun
- Evaporation
- The removal of heat from a surface of a liquid
- Strong cooling effect
- The removal of heat from a surface of a liquid
- Convection
- Transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past asurface
- Blood cooling core at extremeties
- Wind
- Transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past asurface
- Conduction
- Direct transfer of thermal motion between molecules with direct contact
- Hot rock
- Direct transfer of thermal motion between molecules with direct contact
- Radiation
- Thermoregulatory strategies
- Heliothermy
- Heat from the sun
- Shuttling
- Movement between sun & shade
- Berk & Heath 1975
- Postural
- Changing exposure to sun
- Basking
- Thigmothermy
- Heat by conduction
- Choice of substrate
- Choice of cover object
- Thermoconforming
- No attempt to regulate body temp
- Common in forest where thermoregulation is difficult
- Anolis cristatellus
- Puerto Rico
- Heliothermy
- Importance of thermoregulation in reptile biology
- Dominates activities
- Esp. high altitudes or open vegetational zones
- Constraints on
- activities involving cold habitats
- Activity periods
- Defensive strategies
- Agama savignyi
- 1. Gape and lunge
- 2. Upright stance, body inflation, protruding tongue
- 3. As above + ATTACK
- Agama savignyi
- Choice of shelter sites
- Forced risk-taking behaviour
- Dominates activities
- Animal's use of energy
- BMR
- Or SMR
- Activity
- Homeostasis
- Growth
- Reproduction
- BMR
- Endothermy vs. Ectothermy
Foraging and diet in reptiles and amphibians
- Herptofauna diet
- Mostly predators
- Taxonominc trends
- Caecilians
- Earthworms
- Other inverts
- Various sizes
- Urodeles
- Insects
- small
- Anurans
- Mostly inverts
- Mostly small
- Some large
- Crocodilians
- Vertebrates
- Large
- Chelonians
- Herbivores
- Omnivores
- Carnivores
- Liazards
- Inverts
- Verts
- Some herbivores
- Snakes
- Inverts
- Verts
- V. large-V. small
- Caecilians
- Foraging modes
- Two Major modes
- Sit-and-wait
- Few movements
- Physique: often stout
- Pattern
- Cryptic
- Geometric or irregular
- Cryptic
- Physiology
- limited endurance
- High sprint/strike speed
- Low aerobic capacity
- High anaerobic capacity
- Small heart
- Daily energy expenditure low
- Low energy intake & expenditure
- Few large meals
- Predation primarily visual
- Active
- Frequent movement
- Physique; usually elongate,
- Narrow head
- Pattern
- Varied
- Plain, striped or aposematic
- Varied
- Physiology
- High endurance
- Variable sprint
- High aerobic capacity
- Low anaerobic capacity
- Large heart
- High daily energy expenditure
- High energy intake and expenditure
- Many smaller meals
- Predation primarily chemosensory
- Sit-and-wait
- Profoundly affect many aspects of biology
- Bimodal rather than continuous behaviours
- Strong phylogenetic signal
- Two Major modes
- Herptofauna diet
Avoiding predation: escape, defence and arms-races
- Predation avoidance
- EScaping detection
- Crypsis
- Escaping or misdirecting identification
- Signalling unprofitability
- Display awareness of predator
- Aposematism
- Honest signal
- Mimicry
- Batesian
- Dishonest
- Mullerian
- Honest
- Batesian
- Escaping approach
- Fleeing
- Complex descision making
- Fleeing
- Escaping subjugation and capture
- Physical defence
- Armour
- Spines
- Behavioural
- death feigning
- Heterodon
- death feigning
- Autotomy
- Facilitated or auto-amputation
- "disposable" body part
- Especially tails in salamanders
- Minimum damage, thrashing distracts predator
- Fracture planes
- Little, partial or near full regeneration
- Facilitated or auto-amputation
- Physical defence
- EScaping detection
- Chemical defences: venoms and poisons
- Amphibs
- Skin secretions
- Antipredator
- Antimicrobial
- Antiectoparasite defence
- Mosquitos
- Origin of Dendrobatid skin poisons
- Multiple origins of myrmecophagy
- Skin alkaloids in poison dart frogs associated with ant diet
- Usually associated with aposematic coloration
- Aditional benifits
- Increased activity
- Reduced clutch size
- Extended parental care
- Venom
- Aparsphenodon brunoi
- Corythomantis greeingi
- Bones pierce skin through venom producing tissue, inject venom
- Skin secretions
- Snakes
- venom
- Genetically encoded
- Sequestered from prey
- Phrynosoma
- Blood squirted from orbital sinus
- Canid predators
- Tastes unpleasant
- Chemicals sequestered from ant prey
- Canid predators
- Blood squirted from orbital sinus
- Phrynosoma
- Amphibs
- Arms race
- Example
- Taricha granulosa
- Present in high amounts
- Thamnophis
- SOme can eat Taricha
- Resistance independantly evoloved
- Few amino acid substitutions in skeletal muscle sodium channels
- Resistance independantly evoloved
- SOme can eat Taricha
- TETRODOTOXIN
- Bacterial toxin accumulated by many taxa
- Puffer fish
- Blue-ringed octopi
- Inhibits firing of action potentials in nerves
- Binds voltage-gated sodium channels
- Blocking passage of Na+
- Binds voltage-gated sodium channels
- Highly toxic
- Bacterial toxin accumulated by many taxa
- Taricha granulosa
- Predators recycling prey toxins
- Tiger keelback
- Example
- Predation avoidance
Informações
- Descrição
- zoology Mapa Mental sobre Physiology &Function, criado por Phoebe Hills em 13-05-2018.
- Criado por
- Phoebe Hills
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