biochemistry

biochemistry

1. organic molecules

   • contains carbon backbone with usually some hydrogen
     • 4 electrons on outer layer: equal distance
       • 4 more electrons: stable
       • can bond with up to 4 hydrogen
         • chains can be LONG
         • single, double, triple bonds
   • covalent bonds
     • 2 atoms sharing electrons to make atoms more stable
   • living organisms
   • functional groups: determine characteristics of molecules
     • hydrogen
       • almost everywhere
     • hydrozyl
       • polar
         • two oppisite poles: partially neg side and partially pos side
     • carboxylic acid
       • acidic
         • break down in water to form hydrogen ions
       • peptide bonds
     • amino
       • basic
         • produce hydroxide in water
     • phosphate
       • acidic
       • nucleic acids, phospholipids
     • methyl
       • nonpolar
         • hydrophobic

2. organic molecule synthesis

   • monomer: one unit polymer: 3+ monomers dimer: two monomers
   • dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction)
     • monomers joined together by loss of water molecule
       • H from one and OH from other
   • hydrolysis
     • polymers broken apart
       • water broken into H and OH

3. biological molecules

   • carbohydrates
     • structure
       • c, h, o 1:2:1
       • usually in ring
       • monosaccharides: single sugars dissaccharides: two mono polysaccharides: long chains of mono
         • monocassharides
           • carbon atom backbone
           • -OH and -H functional groups
           • glucose
             • most common C6H12O6
           • fructose
           • galactose
             • isomers: same formula diff structure
           • ribose/deoxyribose
             • one less oxygen than ribose
           • some are broken down, some are linked
         • disaccharides
           • glucose+fructose=sucrose
           • glucose+galactose=lactose
           • glucose+glucose=maltose
         • polysaccharides
           • storage
             • starch (polymer of glucose)
               • roots and seeds of plants
             • glycogen (more complex polymer of glucose)
               • liver and muscles
           • structural
             • cellulose (polymer of glucose)
               • cell walls, indigestible
             • chitin
               • fungi cell walls, exoskeletons (indigestible)
     • important energy source
     • water soluble
   • lipids