Neuroanatomy

Neuroanatomy

1. organization scheme nervous system

   • Peripheral level
     • Emergent nerves
       • Define segment
       • Lesion alters within segment only
     • Ganglia
   • Spinal Cord
     • Lesions there and below
     • Nuclei
   • Cerebral hemispheres
     • Decussation
       • Crossover
         • Because visual?
     • lesions contralaterl
       • sensory
       • motor
       • Some segmented
         • Memory
         • Language
   • Effectors
   • Homonculous

2. Structure/function relationships

   • Circuit
     • Converging
       • many to 1
     • Diverging
       • 1 cell to many
     • Parallel
       • to each other and end
     • Feedback
       • to each other and back
   • symmetry+hem lateralization
     • Language is very left
   • Features
     • Modularity
       • Neurons systems serve specific functions
         • Modules modulate each other
         • Dermatome
       • cerebellum
         • movement coordination
       • diencephalon
         • higher order
     • Topographical map
       • Somatotopic
         • Postcentral gyrus
       • Visual cortex
         • follow color, orientation, movement, dominant eye
     • Hierarchical
       • Snail basic
         • We think more when we see a bear
           • Neocortex
             • reflex brainstem and spinal cord
     • homeostasis
       • brain control all other organ systems
     • Neuro-hormonal control
       • Hypothalamus and pituitary
         • NT, hormones, glandular secretion
   • Behavior

3. Understand function CSF

   • Meninges
     • Dura
     • Arachnoid
     • Pia
   • Ventricles
     • Lateral
       • Intraventricular foramen
     • Third
       • Cerebral aqueduct
     • Fourth
       • Central Canal
   • CSF
     • Cushioning
     • Waste Removal
     • Medical
       • pressure
       • Chemical
         • Drugs
         • Pathology
       • Landmarks
     • Made by choroid plexus
       • Filtered through choroid epithelium
         • to subarachnoid space (SAS)
           • SAS Posterior fossa
             • SAS Tentorial notch
               • SAS over hemispheres
                 • Exits via arachnoid villi
                   • Break duel barrier
                     • pressure-dependent one-way valve
                     • no dura
         • and subarachnoid cistern
       • Central-ish by ventricles
     • vs. plasma
       • less proteins and albumin

4. S/F BBB

   • First line of defense
     • Epithelial have "tight junctions"
       • Protect from infection
   • Pericyte
     • Basement membrane
   • Astrocyte
   • Pass through
     • Specific channels
       • Glucose
       • Mono-carb
       • Neutral AA
       • Choline
       • Vitamins
       • Peptides
     • Simple diffusion
       • Lipophilic
       • Water
       • Gases
   • Exceptions
     • SFO
     • Organum Vasculosum
     • Median eminence
     • Neurohyphysis
     • Subcommissural organ
     • Pineal
     • Area postrema

5. Organization cerebral circulation

   • Supply
     • 2 vertebral arteries
       • Vertebrobasilar system
         • Penetrate atlanto-occipital membrane and dura
       • spinal cord
         • Basilar artery
         • Subclavian artery
         • Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
       • Hindbrain
         • Midbrain
           • Posterior cerebral artery
         • Pons
           • Basilar artery
         • Medulla
           • Vertebral artery
     • 2 carotid arteries
     • S/f vessels
   • Anastamoses
   • Often fail to reperfuse after blockage
     • because cell death
   • Venous drainage
     • External
       • Posterior external venous plexus
     • Internal
       • Posterior internal venous plexus
       • Anterior internal / epidural venous plexus
     • SAS
       • Spinal cord plexus in SAS

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