Vitamins

Vitamins

1. Water Soluble

   • Non-Vit B
     • Ascorbic Acid (Vit C)
       • Antioxidant (reducing agent)
       • Prevents oxidation of lysine residues on collagen
         • Prevents breakdown of connective tissue
       • Bleeding gum
   • Vit B
     • Energy releasing
       • Thiamine (B1)
         • Oxidative decarboxylation in TCA
         • Energy production decreased, lethargic
           • Beriberi
       • Riboflavin (B2)
         • FAD
         • Sore mouth, anaemia
       • Niacin (B3)
         • NAD
         • Diarrhoea, dermatitis, dementia, death
       • Biotin (B7)
         • Carboxylation
           • Carries CO2
       • Pantothenic Acid (B5)
         • CoA
     • Hematopoietic
       • Folate (B9)
         • Receives and adds C
         • Neural tube defects
       • Cobalamin (B12)
         • Conversion of homocysteine to methionine
           • Methylation
         • Breakdown of some amino acids
         • Vascular damage, CVD, NTD
     • Other
       • Pyroxidine (B6)
         • Deamination
     • Act as coenzymes
       • Carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism

2. Fat Soluble

   • A
     • Retinoids
       • Active: Retinoic Acid
       • Vision, growth, reproduction
       • Activator of gene expression (RIG)
       • High: teratogenic, cirrhosis
   • D
     • Hormone: increase cholesterol in blood - bone formation
     • Regulate plasma Ca2+
     • Precursor to Vit D made in skin
     • High: Hypocalcaemia
     • Rickets
   • K
     • Co-enzyme
     • Maintain clotting (matures clotting factors)
     • Prothrombin-Ca2+ binds to proteins
       • Prothombin
         • Thrombin
           • Mature clotting factors
     • Osteocalcin (P) produced by osteoblasts (bone making cells)
     • High: Damage RBC -> anaemia
   • E
     • Tocopherols
     • Prevents non-enzymatic oxidation of polyunsaturated FAs
     • Protects cell membranes