OUTPUT

OUTPUT

1. The product of learning: what students can produce in the spoken or written modalities

   • Eg: the answers the students provide when they take a test

2. Learning process

   • Students produce an output and learn from the feedback received

3. Two processes involved

   • Access
     • Finding appropriate words and forms of words to express a particular meaning
   • Production strategies
     • Accessing words and puttting them together in the appropriate order to express a desired idea

4. Essential for learning a FL

   • Output allows learners to stretch their interlanguage to meet communicative goals
     • Input alone is not suficcient

5. Three functions

   • Noticing/Triggering
     • The production of output might trigger attention and direct the learner to notice something he/she needs to explore further in the new language.
       • It can generate knowledge or consolidate existing knowledge
   • Hypothesis testing
     • 1) The student makes a hypothesis about what the message should sound or look like.
     • 2) The learner tests the hypothesis by producing it.
     • 3) The student modifies the production to fit the correct form.
   • Metalinguistic/Reflective
     • Output as an object of reflection
       • Language is used to reflect on the language that a learner produces or is produced by others
         • Reflection can lead to modifying output and to noticing and hypothesis testing, which can trigger cognitive processes that lead to learning.