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Biology - Unit B1
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Biology - Unit B1
A Balanced Diet
- You need to balance the amount of energy intake and energy uptake.
- Components
- Carbohydrates = immediate supply of energy
- Proteins = growth and repair
- Fats = store of energy
- Vitamins and Minerals = shortage leads to deficiency diseases
- Fibre
- Water
- BMI
- Gives an indication about a persons ideal body mass compared to their height.
- BMI = mass in Kg / (height in m)2
- Underweight = 18.8 - normal = 18.5 to 25 overweight = 25 to 30 obese = 30+
- Metabolic Rate
- The speed at which chemical reactions occur in the cells of your body.
- Affecting Factors = Inheritance - Proportion of muscle to fat in your body - Gender - Age
- Obesity
- Health Problems = Coronary heart disease - high blood pressure - type 2 diabetes - cancer
Disease
- A pathogen is a micro-organism that carries disease around your body and makes you ill.
- Bacteria make you feel ill by injecting toxins into your blood stream which are carried around your body.
- Viruses inject DNA inot a cell which then creates small viruses, which causes the cell to burst releasing the virus.
- Barriers to infection
- Nose - mucus lining preventing the passing of pathogens
- Mouth - mucus and acid in the stomach so are killed in the stomach
- Skin - glands create antiseptic and coats our skin in an oily substance
- Eyes - tears produce lysozyme which cleans our eyes.
- Second Line of Defence
- White blood cells called phagocytes engulf the white blood cells and destroy them.
- Third Line of Defence
- The Immune System
- The white blood cells produce different anti-bodies to lock onto the antigen.
- Every antigen needs its own special antibody.
- Antitoxins
- Neutralise toxins that bacteria dump in your body.
- Reproduction
- Sexual
- Occurs in both animals and plants
- Involves 2 parents and the joining of the gametes
- Results in variation in the offspring
- Asexual
- Involves only 1 parent
- Results in clones and are genetically identical
- There is no variation
- Sexual
- Vaccinations
- Endemics are the spread of disease in one country.
- Pandemics is the spread of disease across several countries.
- Involves injecting a small harmful amount of the pathogen into your immune system which then creates the antibodies needed to fight it, in preparation for the real disease.
- Genetically Engineered Insulin
- DNA is a universal code
- Transferring genes from ones species to another is genetic engineering
- The species that has had its DNA changed is known as genetically modified.
- GM bacteria are used to produce insulin for diabetes.
- GM Crops
- To improve there quality or resistance to insects or herbicides.
- Used to alter the rate of growth
- virus resistance
- Contamination, may be unsafe, takes years to come onto the market.
- Antibiotic Resistance
- When bacteria are no longer killed by antibiotics.
- Happens when mutations occur in the dividing of bacteria.
Hormones and Fertility
- A hormone is a chemical produced by a gland in one part of the body, released into your blood stream and carried to a target organ where it has an effect.
- Hormone Glands include pituitary, thyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, ovaries and testes.
- Menstrual Cycle
- LH - produced in the pituitary - target organ are the ovaries and it causes egg release.
- FSH - produced in pituitary - target organ ovary - matures the eg and produces oestrogen.
- Increasing Fertilty
- Involves the giving of FSH and LH in a fertility drug to stimulate maturation of eggs which can be used in IVF.
- Decreasing Fertility
- Pills are taken containing oestrogen which prevents the release of FSH and prevents the eggs from maturing.
Tropisms
- Plant responses are called tropisms, plants respond to light, gravity and water.
- A response to light is phototropism
- A response to gravity is geotropism
- A response to water is hydrotropism
- Positively tropic means plant grows towards a stimulus
- Negatively tropic means plant grows away from the stimulus.
- Growth in Plants
- The hormone auxin stimulates a plant to grow
- The auxin encourages the cells to elongate and it moves down the stem by diffusion.
- Plant Hormones
- Weed killers - the auxins cause rapid growth in plants which lead to plants growing them to death e.g. agent orange
- Rooting Powders - auxin causes the roots to grow
- Ethylene - Causes fruit to ripen converting starch into sugar.
Drugs
- A drug is any chemical that alters the way the body works.
- Stimulants - Ecstacy, Cocaine
- Depressants - Heroin, Nicotine, Alcohol
- Key Words
- Addiction = when a drug contains an addictive chemical that alters body chemistry and can cause withdrawal symptoms.
- Withdrawal = a range of symptoms such as sweating and tremors associated with stopping taking an addictive drug.
- Tolerance = requiring larger and larger doses to get the same effect with the risk of overdose.
- Gateway Drug = a drug that leads to more addictive drug use e.g. cannabis
- Drugs in Sport
- Beta Blockers = overcome nervousness
- Natural Selection and Evolution
- Evolution is a change over time
- 1. many young are born - shortage of food
- Charles Darwins theory of how evolution happens is called natural selection.
- 2. individuals show variation due to spontaneous mutation
- 3. Genes allowing survival are passed to the next generation.
- 4. individuals most suited to the environment survive and breed successfully.
- 3. Genes allowing survival are passed to the next generation.
- 1. many young are born - shortage of food
- Evolution is a change over time
- Natural Selection and Evolution
- Lean Mass Builders = increases muscle growth
- Diuretics = removes excess water
- Stimulants = boosts physical activity
- Painkillers = treats pain
- Beta Blockers = overcome nervousness
Competition in animals
- Animals and plants have to compete for limited resources. The best adapted survive.
- Compete for food, water, mate, territory.
- Interspecies = compete outside of species
- Intraspecies = compete within species
- Adaptation
- Special feature or behaviour that makes an organism particularly suited to its habitat.
- Adaptations may be general or specific.
- General = legs to walk or fins to swim
- Specific = multiple rows of teeth for eating
- Specific = adaptation that makes the animal unique to others.
Competition in Plants
- Compete for light, water, nutrients and minerals from the soil
- Adaptation
- Plant adaptations include surface area of leaves, water storage and root systems.
- Competition = the way plants compete with each other for their necessities.
Extremophiles
- Hydrothermal Vents = extreme temperature, pressure, acidity, no light.
- Chemosynthetic bacteria = Animals/plants use minerals out of black smokers for growth and food and they form the first steps of the food chain e.g. crab
Environmental Change
- Changes in the environment affect the distribution of living organisms.
- Non living factors = change in temperature, water availability, light levels, pH and amount of oxygen available.
- Living factors = arrival of new competitor for food, arrival of new predator, arrival of a new disease.
- A living indicator is any organism that is present in a certain place that can indicate whether it is polluted or not.
- Cloning
- Taking a cutting
- You leave one leaf on the cutting and place it in a plastic bag for the water to evaporate. Put auxin on the end of the cutting which causes cell elongation and grows.
- DOLLY THE SHEEP
- You leave one leaf on the cutting and place it in a plastic bag for the water to evaporate. Put auxin on the end of the cutting which causes cell elongation and grows.
- Tissue Culture
- Hundreds of clones are made at the same time. The cutting is sterilised and broken down and grown in agar.
- Embryo Transplantation
- A fertilised egg divides and the cells are implanted into surrogates before implanted into the uterus, each cell divides into identical embryos.
- All offspring are genetically identical in all of these techniques
- A fertilised egg divides and the cells are implanted into surrogates before implanted into the uterus, each cell divides into identical embryos.
- Taking a cutting