Atomic structure + periodic table

Atomic structure + periodic table

1. Atomic structure

   • Protons
     • Mass = 1
     • Charge = +1
   • Neutrons
     • Mass = 1
     • Charge = 0
   • Electrons
     • Mass = very small
     • Charge = -1
     • = number of protons
     • Configurement
       • Inner Shell = 2
       • 2nd + 3rd Shell = 8
   • Mass number = Proton no. + Neutron no.
   • Atomic number = electrons / protons
   • Isotopes
     • Same protons / electrons
     • Different neutrons
     • Relative atomic mass
       • (I1 x abundance + I2 x abundace)/100

2. Development of the atom

   • JJ Thomson
     • Plum pudding
       • Negative electrons
       • Positive pudding
   • Rutherford
     • Discovers nucleus
     • Alpha scattering
       • Through thin gold foil
   • Bohr
     • Electons orbit in shells
   • Chadwick
     • Discovers neutron

3. Periodic table

   • Atomic order
   • Period number = number of shells
   • Group number = number of outer electrons
   • Development
     • Earliest
       • No transition metals
       • No atomic number
       • Not all elements discovered
     • Mendeleev's
       • Mainly mass order
       • 8 groups
       • No atomic order
       • Leaves gaps

4. Group 1 metals

   • Properties
     • Lower density
     • Melting points < 200c
     • Boiling points < 1400c
     • Colourless solutions
     • White solid
     • Maleable and Ductile
     • High conductivity
   • Reaction with oxygen
     • Shiny => Dull
     • M + Oxygen => M oxide
   • Reactions with water
     • Combusts
     • Fizzes
     • Indicator => Purple
     • M + Water => M hydroxide + Hydrogen

5. Transition metals

   • High density
   • Melting point > 1000c
   • Boiling points > 2000c
   • Colourful
   • Catalysts

6. Halogens

   • Come in pairs
   • Displaces more reactive one

7. Mixtures and seperating them

   • Filtration
     • Liquid from insoluble solid
   • Evaporating
     • Solute from solution
   • Chromatography
     • Soluble solids
   • Distillation
     • Simple
       • Solute / Solvent from solution
     • Fractional
       • Mixture of miscible liquids
   • Decanting
     • Liquid from insoluble solid
   • Seperating funnel
     • Mixture of immiscible liquids

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