Bandura (1961,1963)

Bandura (1961,1963)

1. ABOUT

   • AIM
     • To see whether young children will imitate behaviour they have seen.
   • IV
     • 1) whether the role model was aggressive or non-aggressive
     • (2) whether the role model was the same sex or opposite sex to the child
     • (3) a Control condition where the children did not see a role model at all.
   • DV
     • Bandura’s observers recorded the number of verbal, physical, mallet and gun-play aggressive actions the children carried out
   • SAMPLE
     • 72 children, 36 boys and 36 girls, aged 3-5, recruited from Stanford University Nursery School.

2. PROCEDURE

   • 72 children aged 3 –5 yrs matched for aggression before the study started
   • Some groups watched aggressive behaviour; some non-aggressive behaviour and control group watched neither.
   • Laboratory Experiment at Stanford University. 8 experimental groups in 4 conditions.
   • Children were playing in a room when an adult entered and either behaved aggressively or non-aggressively.
     • Children were then put in a slightly aggressive state by being told they could not play with certain toys. Then behaviour observed with access to a Bobo doll and child was observed.
   • The child was observed playing with the toys for 20 minutes through a one-way mirror.

3. RESULTS

   • Children in non-aggressive state showed almost no aggression, (70%).
   • Those that watched aggressive models showed physical and verbal aggression imitating model.
   • The boys showed more nearly twice as much imitative aggression than the girls
     • However, the girls showed similar levels of physical and verbal aggression, while the boys had a tendency to model physical aggression much more than verbal aggression.

4. CONCLUSION

   • Children watching adults behaving aggressively are more likely to imitate aggression so observational learning does take place.
     • Children also imitated non-aggressive behaviour, which led to less aggression.
   • A male adult showing aggressive behaviour is copied more than a female adult aggressive model.
   • Girls are more verbally aggressive

5. EVALUATION

   • GENERALISABILTY
     • A sample in all three studies was large: 72, 96 and 66, large enough that anomalies (eg disturbed children) might be cancelled out (eg by particularly mild mannered ones).
   • RELIABILITY
     • Bandura also used two observers behind the one-way mirror. This creates inter-rater reliability because a behaviour had to be noted by both observers otherwise it didn’t count.
   • APPLICATION
     • Can be applied to parenting and teaching styles as it suggests children observe and imitate adults
   • VALIDITY
     • Lacks ecological validity because it is a lab experiment
   • ETHICS
     • The children may have been distressed by the aggressive behaviour they witnessed
     • The aggressive behaviour they learned from the study may have stayed with them, going on to become a behavioural problem.

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