World Development

World Development

1. Modernisation Theory

   • Rostow
     • STAGES
       • 1 - primary production, poverty, traditional values
       • 2 - West assist through aid and industrial investment (TNC's)
       • 3 - high economic growth - investment in infrastructure
         • - ignores kleptocracy
       • 4 - drive to maturity - economic and cultural factors lead to increasing prosperity. values become modern
         • - assumes aid will trickle down
       • 5 - Age of mass consumption
       • - naive when it comes to aid/TNC's
       • TAI WAN IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE STAGES - FOLLOWED IT AND DEVELOPED
     • + offers solutions
       • + need wealth to develop -true
   • Motors of Development
     • investment
       • factories,experties, equipment, plus aid and loans from world bank
   • Parsons
     • Traditional Values
       • Affectivity
       • Particularism
       • Ascription
       • Diffuse Roles
       • Collectivism
       • What holds them back
     • Modern Values
       • Affective neutrality
       • Universalism
       • Achievement
       • Specific Roles
       • Individualism
       • What they need to do
   • Intro
     • try to explain why poorer countries failed to evolve into modern societies
     • causes: internal factors ie values
     • when development occurs it is an evolutionary process - huntington
     • functionalism origins - mechanical solidarity: durkheim and gemeinschaft - Tonnies

2. Dependency Theory

   • Intro
     • global capitalism is the problem
       • keeps poorer countries poor - somebody gets exploited
     • the cause of a lack of development is the dependence on MEDC'S
     • LEDC's can't develop - they produce primary resources and can't afford to produce different things - depend upon the little money given
     • not in the interest of MEDC's to help them develop - more money LEDC's have, less for MEDC's
     • SOLUTION - cut all ties and become completely independent
   • TNC's
     • world trade organisations aim to reduce international trade values which are set up by the rich and powerful - want to liberalise trade
     • TNC's have geographic flexibility - no clear home so can shift resources across the world to the cheapest locations in order to maximise profits
     • 1/3 of anything produced is done by trade
     • Simpson and Sinclair
       • TNC's dominate capitalist world economy - more political and economic power
       • TNC's not accountable for actions in law - accused of interfering in the international politics to keep people in power
       • IE CHILE
     • Ivan Ilich - TNC's create false needs i.e. tobacco
   • Susan George
     • TNC's may have restrictions in developed world - may still have their products marketed in developing world
     • IE contraceptive pill banned in USA but marketed in LEDC's
   • AID
     • leads to dependency - creates debt crisis
     • contributes to low life expectancy and high infant mortality rate
     • benefits donor
     • when core countries give aid SAP's allow lever to force LEDC's to change policies i.e. privatise water
   • FRANK
     • poorest countries were ex colonies
     • wealthy nations got rich from exploiting poorer
       • we exploit them to maintain our lifeestyle
     • slavery and colonialism kick started industrial revolution
     • exploited for cheap food and raw material
     • most fertile land is used for cash crops as apose to own country
     • any local industris that try to compete are destroyed or undermined by cheap imported manufactured goods
   • Hayter
     • cash crops are false riches
       • debt and aid leads to dependency

3. AID

   • Modernisation
     • ROSTOW - aid is crucial to take off
     • PARSONS - aims to change cultural attitudes by introducing and setting up meritocratic education system
       • kick start education and improve literacy rates - change patriarchal views and ascription
     • acknowledges that elites would be early benificiaries before wealth trickles down
     • without aid to improve roads and transport - trade is limited
     • +understands importance of education
     • - ignored colonialism
     • - TB and Malaria have returned - aid isn't helping
   • Dependency
     • aid sustains and creates unequal relationships which results in the debt crisis
     • Frank
       • Aid is a form of neo colonialism
     • Hayter
       • aid is conditional, always comes with strong attatched
     • world bank and IMF serve interests of TNC's that dominate global capitalism
     • + explains why countries such as bangladesh are poorer since receiving aid
     • - emergency aid is good in a crisis
     • - EU give one grants that don't need to be paid back
   • Neo Liberal
     • BLundell
       • aid encourages dependency on state
     • Enxion
       • despite aid, countries are still poor after receiving it
     • blame poor economic management
   • NGO or ODA
   • flow of resources from developed to developing in form of grant or loan plus interest
   • STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMMES
     • give money on grounds of the govt cutting public spending which impacts on those in poverty

4. Neo Liberalism

   • intro
     • liberal with market - free economy
     • government intervention should be kept to a minimum
     • Agrees with everything about stages etc from modernisation EXCEPT aid
   • Bauer
     • aid stifles development and encourages kleptocracy. food aid brings down price of local producers
       • + considers kleptocracy which nobody else does
   • Huntington
     • Culture is important for development
     • Christian traditional values have led to economic prosperity for western zone
     • +See's importance of culture
     • - historically,USA have given weapons to terrorist organisations

5. World Systems Theory

   • Immanuel Wallerstein
   • Intro
     • Developed in response to criticisms of dependency
     • Modern world system is constantly evolving
     • Predicts process will result in polarisation of class - causing greater inequality
     • de skilling and commodification (attatching a price)
   • 3 systems
     • mini
       • small societies, based on farming and exploited by both
     • world empire
       • try to maintain order, exploit mini systems
     • world economies
       • exploit everyone
     • +explains why some countries are more exploited than others
     • - economically deterministic, ignores political and cultural factors
     • +resoles some of franks weaknesses
   • CORE/SEMI PERIPHERAL AND PERIPHERAL

6. Gender

7. Marginalisation Thesis

8. Urbanisation and environment