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The Endocrine System
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The Endocrine System
Glands and Secretions
- EXOCRINE GLANDS
- secrete products through a DUCT
- e.g sweat glands, salivary glands, pancreas, liver
- secrete products through a DUCT
- ENDOCRINE GLANDS
- products secreted into the BLOOD VESSELS that pass through the gland
- e.g. the pituitary gland in the brain
- The pituitary gland found at base of brain
- produces many hormones - called controller gland
- contains neurones linking it to the hypothalamus
- The pituitary gland found at base of brain
- e.g. the pituitary gland in the brain
- chemicals secreted are hormones
- carried in blood to target organs
- e.g. pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland
- products secreted into the BLOOD VESSELS that pass through the gland
- EXOCRINE GLANDS
Controlling Blood Glucose
- stored in liver + muscle cells as insoluble carbohydrate GLYCOGEN
- when body is short of glucose - glycogen is broken down into glucose
- concentration of glucose will rise after a meal
- as it is absorbed by small intestine
- glucose rich blood transported to LIVER by HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN
- triggers release of insulin from PANCREAS
- response to high levels of glucose
- stimulates liver cells to absorb glucose and convert to glycogen
- lowers conc. of glucose in blood
- pancreas stops making insulin
- stops liver cells making glycogen
- pancreas stops making insulin
- lowers conc. of glucose in blood
- triggers release of insulin from PANCREAS
- glucose rich blood transported to LIVER by HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN
- as it is absorbed by small intestine
- How would High blood sugar levels affect cells?
- Kidney failure
- memory loss
- high blood pressure + high cholesterol
- higher risk of strokes
- bleeding gums
- stored in liver + muscle cells as insoluble carbohydrate GLYCOGEN
Homeostasis
- the process where body controls its internal environment
- 1. Internal body Temp
- Warm Blooded animals (endotherms) have:
- layer of fat beneath skin
- helps to insulate body
- fur, hair, feathers
- when cold hair stands up + traps a layer of air close to the skin
- poor conductor of heat reduces heat loss
- when cold hair stands up + traps a layer of air close to the skin
- layer of fat beneath skin
- cold blooded animals (exotherms)
- varying body temp.
- Adaption to cold climates:
- shivering
- muscles contract and relax rapidly generating heat
- layer of fat
- fur, hair, feathers
- arterioles narrow (VASCONSTRICTION)
- reduces flow of blood to skin
- prevents heat loss
- reduces flow of blood to skin
- erector muscles contract
- hairs stand on end - traps an insulating layer of air
- shivering
- Adaptation to warm climates:
- lots of skin > more SA > more evaporation
- ridges = more SA for evaporation
- Sweating
- arterioles widen (VASODILATION)
- more blood flows to capillaries at surface of skin
- increases heat loss by radiation
- more blood flows to capillaries at surface of skin
- sweat glands produce more sweat
- energy supplied by body causes sweat to evaporate
- cooling body down
- energy supplied by body causes sweat to evaporate
- the Skin
- protects body from damage
- stops germs getting in
- controls water loss
- Senes temperature,pressure,pain
- Warm Blooded animals (endotherms) have:
- 2. Concentrations of waste products (CO2 + urea)
- CO2
- produced during respiration
- removed via lungs
- produced during respiration
- urea
- produced in liver when excess amino acids are broken down
- filtered out of blood by kidneys and removed in urine
- The Urinary System
- kidneys filter blood
- removing unwanted substances
- controlling conc. of water + solutes in blood
- supplied with blood through the RENAL ARTERY
- from the AORTA
- blood entering kidney is at HIGH PRESSURE
- In each kidney blood is filtered + leaves vis the RENAL VEIN
- joins the VENA CAVA
- urine produced passes out of kidneys through 2 URETERS
- stored in the bladder
- has tube leading to outside - URETHRA
- contains ring like muscles SPHINCTERS
- can contract to hold back urine
- contains ring like muscles SPHINCTERS
- has tube leading to outside - URETHRA
- stored in the bladder
- urine produced passes out of kidneys through 2 URETERS
- joins the VENA CAVA
- from the AORTA
- The Kidney
- dark outer region is called the cortex
- contains many blood vessels that branch to renal artery
- contains microscopic tubes (kidney tubules or nephron)
- run down middle layer of kidney - medulla
- has bulges/pyramids pointing inward
- tubules join up and lead to tips of pyramids
- here contents drain into the pelvis
- connects with ureter carrying urine to bladder for storage
- here contents drain into the pelvis
- run down middle layer of kidney - medulla
- dark outer region is called the cortex
- kidneys filter blood
- The Urinary System
- filtered out of blood by kidneys and removed in urine
- produced in liver when excess amino acids are broken down
- CO2
- 3. Blood water levels
- Loop of Henle runs down to medulla of kidney
- 2nd / DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE + COLLECTING DUCT help reabsorb water back into blood
- area of nephron controlled by ADH
- collecting duct attached to many nephrons + carries urine to the pelvis of kidney
- 2nd / DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE + COLLECTING DUCT help reabsorb water back into blood
- Loop of Henle runs down to medulla of kidney
- 4. Blood glucose levels
- 1st convoluted tubule useful substances reabsorbed
- back into blood - glucose, amino acids + some water + salt
- Selective reabsorption - involves active transport
- back into blood - glucose, amino acids + some water + salt
- 1st convoluted tubule useful substances reabsorbed
Osmoregulation and ADH
- KIDNEY regulates amount of water + salts in blood - so a balance maintained between conc. of blood and surrounding tissue
- Drank a litre of water - kidneys would excrete a large volume of urine
- changes controlled by hormone ADH (anti diuretic hormone) - pituitary gland in brain
- If TOO MUCH WATER IN BLOOD
- detected by hypothalamus - causes pituitary to secrete less ADH
- decreasing permeability of collecting ducts - less water reabsorbed back into blood (urine more dilute)
- detected by hypothalamus - causes pituitary to secrete less ADH
- TOO LITTLE WATER
- detected by hypothalamus
- pituitary gland secretes more ADH
- travels in blood to kidneys
- causes collecting ducts in kidney to become more permeable to water - more water re absorbed back into blood
- urine more conc. + blood = dilute
- when water content is normal production of ADH stops (example of negative feedback)
- urine more conc. + blood = dilute
- causes collecting ducts in kidney to become more permeable to water - more water re absorbed back into blood
- travels in blood to kidneys
- pituitary gland secretes more ADH
- detected by hypothalamus
- If TOO MUCH WATER IN BLOOD
- changes controlled by hormone ADH (anti diuretic hormone) - pituitary gland in brain
- Drank a litre of water - kidneys would excrete a large volume of urine
- KIDNEY regulates amount of water + salts in blood - so a balance maintained between conc. of blood and surrounding tissue
Key Words
- endocrine
- hormones transmitted through the bloodstream
- hormone
- chemical messengers
- coordinate systems
- travel in blood - secreted by glands
- causes changes in how body works
- gland
- secretes hormones
- endocrine/exocrine
- target organ
- a tissue or organ effected by a hormone
- homeostasis
- the state of keeping the conditions in the body relatively constant
- glycogen
- made from long chains of glucose sub units
- joined together to produce an insoluble molecule
- made from long chains of glucose sub units
- diabetes
- when pancreas cannot make enough insulin to keep blood glucose level constant
- excretion
- process where products of metabolism are removed from body
- osmoregulation
- keeping salt + water content + internal environment constant
- nephron
- microscopic tubules that branch from renal artery
- endocrine
Hormones
- ADH
- made in pituitary
- controls water content of blood - triggers uptake of water in kidneys (osmoregulation)
- made in pituitary
- Adrenaline
- adrenal
- increased awareness, muscle power + heart rate - flight or fight
- adrenal
- Insulin
- pancreas
- controls blood sugar levels - removes excess sugar from blood + stores it in water
- pancreas
- Testosterone
- testes
- controls development of male secondary sexual characteristics
- testes
- Progesterone
- ovaries
- regulates menstrual cycle - maintains uterus lining by suppressing (follicle stimulating hormone) production in pituitary gland
- ovaries
- Oestrogen
- ovaries
- controls development of female secondary sexual characteristics
- ovaries
- ADH
Differences between nervous + endocrine system
- Nervous
- electrical impulses transmitted through nerve cells
- nerve impulses travel fast + instantly have effect
- response is short lived
- impulses have a localised effect - impulses act on individual cells
- Endocrine
- hormones transmitted through blood stream
- travel more slowly, take longer to act
- response long lived
- widespread effect on diff. organs - only act on particular tissues
- Nervous
Kidney Failure
- If both kidneys damages from disease or an accident possible to have transplant / dialysis
- machine filters patient's blood - removing wage, urea + excess salt + water
- made of visking tubing (partially permeable)
- Blood flows on one side on membrane, dialysis solution on the other
- solution of salts + glucose
- as blood flows past membrane urea + unwanted water + salts diffuse through holes into dialysis solution
- dialysis solution constantly replaced
- as blood flows past membrane urea + unwanted water + salts diffuse through holes into dialysis solution
- solution of salts + glucose
- Blood flows on one side on membrane, dialysis solution on the other
- made of visking tubing (partially permeable)
- machine filters patient's blood - removing wage, urea + excess salt + water
- If both kidneys damages from disease or an accident possible to have transplant / dialysis