CASE STUDIES VOLCANOES LDC/MEDC

CASE STUDIES VOLCANOES LDC/MEDC

1. MT PINATUBO- LEDC PHILIPPINES 1991

   • WHERE?
     • SOUTH EAST ASIA, PHILIPPINES, IN LUZON. NEAR THE CITY OF ANGELES
   • PLATE SETTING?
     • CONTINENTAL EURASIAN AND OCEANIC PHILIPPINES PLATE
     • CONTINENTAL EURASIAN AND OCEANIC PHILIPPINES PLATE
     • THE LATTER IS SUBDUCTED DUE TO BEING MORE DENSE
       • AS IT SUBDUCTS IT MELTS TO FORM MAGMA AND ERUPTS AS LAVA TO FORM VOLCANOES
   • WAS IT A HAZARD?
     • BEFORE THE ERUPTION OF 1991 IT HADNT ERUPTED SINCE 1380, SO WS NO LONGER CONSIDERED AS A HAZARD
     • PEOPLE FARMED ON THE LAND AS IT WAS FERTILE VOLCANIC SOIL
   • EFFECTS
     • ENVIRONMENTAL
       • VOLCANIC ASH SMOTHERED BUILDINGS AND FIELDS
       • ASH CAUSED GLOBAL COOLING OF 0.5 DEGREES
     • ECONOMIC
       • BUILDING AND INFRASTRUCTURE DAMAGE COST AROUND 3.8 BILLION PESOS
       • 1991 GLOBAL HARVEST DESTROYED
       • 650000 JOBS LOST
       • $700 MILLION IN DAMAGE TOTAL
     • SOCIAL
       • 847 PEOPLE DIED
       • OVER 8000 HOMES DESTROYED
         • 73000 DAMAGED
       • 1.2 MILLION PEOPLE LOST THEIR HOMES
       • DISEASES SUCH AS MALARIA KILLED 600 PEOPLE
       • PLANTING MADE IMPOSSIBLE IN 1992 DUE TO ASH

2. MT ETNA, ISLAND OF SICILY, ITALY

   • LOCATION
     • MORE THAN 25% OF THE POP OF SILICY LIVE ON THE FLANKS OF ETNA
     • ITALY IS A MEDC AND HAD A GDP PER CAPITA OF OVER $20000 IN 1991
     • HAS TWO MAIN SETTLEMENTS: CATANIA AND ZAFFERANA
     • 3,323M ON THE ISLAND OF SICILY, ITALY
   • VOLCANISM
     • NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD BY SCIENTISTS
     • FROM THE SUBDUCTION OF THE AFRICAN BENEATH THE EURASIAN
     • OTHER THEORIES: RIFTING AND EVEN A MANTLE PLUME
     • BASALTIC LAVA
       • TRAVEL OVER LONG DISTANCES
     • SINCE 2001 ERUPTED EVERY YEAR SINCE
   • ETNA
     • THREE CRATERS, FISSURES OPEN UP, HAS A 5-10KM CALDERA ON THE EAST SIDE CALLED VALLE DEL BOVE
     • HAS SMALL PARASITIC CONES CALLLED HORNITOES ON THE OTHER SIDE
     • DECADE COLCANO BY THE UN . DESERVES PARTICULAR STUDY BECAUSE OF A HISTORY OF DESTRUCTIVE E ERUPTIONS NEAR POPULATED AREAS
     • COMPOSITE VOLCANO
     • SINCE 2001 ERUPTED EVERY YEAR SINCE
     • ORIGINATES FROM AN UNDERWATER VOLCANO
   • EFFECTS
     • STARTED SHOWING SIGNS IN DEC 1991
       • DEC 14TH 1991, LASTED FOR 473 DAYS
     • WITH TWO WEEKS ZAFFERNA WAS THREATENED
     • LAVA FLOWS REACHED TEMPERATURE OF 1000 DEGREES
     • VINEYARDS AND CHESTNUT ORCHARDS DESTROYED AND A FEW SMALLER BUILDINGS
     • DESTROYED SPRINGS, WHICH PROVIDED WATER SUPPLY TO ZAFFERNA, POP 8000
     • 7 PEOPLE LOST HOMES AND FARMLAND
     • NO ONE WAS KILLED OR INJURED
     • ECONOMIC COST ROSE TO $8 MILLION
   • MANAGEMENT
     • BUILT A LARGE BARRIER AT THE END OF VALLE DEL BOVE, 70N HIGHAND MORE THAN 400M LONG
       • HELD BACK THE LAVA FOR 7 MONTHS
     • THREE ADDITIONAL SMALLER EARTHERN BARRIERS, LENGTH 90-160M HEIGHT 6-12M BUILT IN APRIL
     • JAN 1992 EARTH BARRIER 234M LONG 21M HIGH
       • HELDBACK LAVA FOR A MONTH, OVERFLOWED ON 9TH APRIL 1992
     • US AIRFORCE DROPPED CONCRETE BLOCKS AROUND THE MAIN SOURCE . THIS FAILED
     • ITALIAN NAVY BLASTED OPENINGS IN THE LAVA TUBES, TO ENCOURAGE NEW DIRECTION OF FLOW. MAY 1992
       • A DIVERSION CHANNEL WAS DUG AND EXPLOSIVES WERE USED TO DIVERT THE LAVA ONTO A ADJACENT FLANK
       • SUCCESSFUL! USING 7000 KG OF EXPLOSIVES, 2/3 OF THE LAVA MOVED INTO THE ARTIFICAL CHANNEL
       • STOPPED 850M FROM ZAFFERANA
       • FAVOURABLE FACTORS: LOW EFFUSION RATES, HIGH ELEVATION OF THE ERUPTIVE VENTS

3. RESPONSES

   • SECONDARY
     • HEALTH AND PSYCHO SERVICES HAD TO BE EXTENDED TO VICTIMS BOTH INSIDE AND OUTSIDE EVACUATION CENTERS
     • CAREFUL PHYSICAL LAND USE RE-PLANNING OF THE REGION
     • INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS SUCH AS WH, UNDP, UNICEF ALSO EXTENDED HUMANITARIAN RELIEF
     • HOST OF COUNTRIES EXTENDED HUMANITARIAN RELIEF ASSISTANCE TO THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT AS IT SUPPORTS NGO'S
   • PRIMARY
     • NATURAL DISASTER COORDINATING COUNCIL MOBILISED CIVILAN AND MILITARY RESOURCES TO RESPOND TO THE EVACUATION, RESCUE AND RELIEF REQUIREMENTS
     • GOVERNMENT AGENCIES MOBILISED THEIR RESPECTIVE FACILITIES AND PERSONNEL TO PROVIDE THE NECESSARY BASIC SERVICES
       • IN EVACUATION AREAS
     • DEPARTMENT F SOCIAL WELFARE AND DEVELOPMENT WAS IN THE FOREFRONT OF PROVIDING EMERGENCY RELIEF ASSISTANCE
     • 75000 WERE EVACUATED UP TO A RADIUS OF 30KM
       • WITH AIR FORCE HELICOPTERS DUE TO ACCURATE PREDICTION FROM THE USGS
         • CLARKE AIR BASE
         • SUBIC BAY NAVEL STATION