Mapa mental
Chemistry C1
Mind map: Chemistry C1
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Chemistry C1
Fundamental Ideas
- Atoms Elements and Compounds
- All substances are made from atoms
- Element- Made from one type on atom
- Chemical symbols represent atoms
- Compound- Made from more than one element
- Atomic Structure
- Nucleus made up of protons and neutrons
- Charge
- Protons- Positive Neutrons- Neutral Electrons- Negative
- Atoms have overall chrrge of 0
- Atomic number is equal to the number of protons
- Elements arranged on periodic table in order of proton number
- Mass number is sum of protons and neutrons
- So, Mass Number - Atomic Number = Number of Neutrons
- Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms
- Noble gases (Group 0) are very stable so are unreactive
- Electrons are arragned in shells around the nucleus
- Shell one holds 2 electrons, after that they hold 8
- Shell one is closest to the nucleus
- Electrons fill from shell one first
- Elements in the same group have same number of electrons in their outer shell
- Forming Bonds
- Metals bond with non metals ionically
- Ion- Charged particle
- Formula of ionic compouds shows the ratio of ions
- Non metals bond covalently to form molecules
- Formula of a molecule shows that atoms in the molecule
- Metals bond with non metals ionically
- Chemical Equations
- During reactions, atoms get rearraged, but never created distroyed or changed
- Mass of Reactants = Mass of Products
- Word equations state the name of reactants and proucts, where as symbol equations give formulas
- Symbol equations should always be balanced
- Atoms Elements and Compounds
Rocks and Building Materials
- Limestone and its Uses
- Limestone is Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃)
- Uses
- Building material
- To make calcium oxide
- Cement
- Concrete
- Cement, aggregate, sand and water
- Limestone decomposes when heated
- Thermal Decomposition
- Reactions of Carbonates
- Metal carbonates decompose when heated to produce the metals oxide and carbon dioxide
- Carbonate + Acid = Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
- Carbon Dioxide turns Calcium Hydroxide (Lime Water) cloudy, by forming insoluble calcium carbonate
- Limestone Reaction Cycle
- 1. Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide
- CaCO₃ -> CaO + CO₂
- 2. Hydration of calcium oxide to form calcium hydroxide
- CaO + H₂O -> Ca(OH)₂
- Calcium hydroxide is an alkali used to neutralise acids such as acidic soil
- 3. Dissolving of calcium hydroxide to form calcium hydroxide solution
- Ca(OH)₂ + H₂O -> Ca(OH)₂ (aq)
- 4. Carbon dioxide added to form calcium carbonate precipitate
- Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ -> CaCO₃ + H₂O
- 1. Thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide
- Cement and Concrete
- Cement is made by heating clay and limestone in a kiln
- Product is then ground to a powder
- Mortar is made by mixing cement sand and water
- Concrete is made by mixing aggregate (small stones) into mortar
- Cement is made by heating clay and limestone in a kiln
- Limestone Issues
- Quarrying and processing Limestone
- Advantages
- More employment and local job oppurtunities
- Improved roads
- Increased trade
- Disadvantages
- Dust and noise
- More traffic
- Loss of habitat
- Advantages
- Quarrying and processing Limestone
- Limestone and its Uses
Metals and their Uses
- Extracting Metals
- Metals are usually found in the Earth's crust, often as compounds with other elements such as oxygen
- Ore- Metal compound containing enough metal to make extracting it worth while
- Unreactive metals are found in the Earth as the metal
- Metal oxides, where the metal is less reactive than carbon, can be reduced using carbon
- Irons and Steels
- Iron oxides can be reduced in a blast furnace to produce iron
- Blast furnace iron is too brittle to use
- Most iron is converted into an alloy, steel
- Steel contains calculated quantities of carbon and other elements
- Aluminium and Titanium
- Resist corrosion
- Lower densities than other strong metals
- Have to be extracted by electrolysis
- Extraction is expensive due to the large amounts of energy needed
- Extracting Copper
- Most copper is extracted from ores by smelting
- Copper is then purified by electrolysis
- Copper rich ores are a limited resource so scientists are find new ways of sourcing copper
- Phytomining- Using plants to absorb copper compounds, which are collected from the plant's ashes
- Bioleaching- Uses bacteria to produce copper compound solutions
- Copper can be extracted from solutions by displacement or electrolysis
- Useful Metals
- Central block of periodic table are the transition metals
- Transition metals have useful properties such as being strong yet malleable
- Most metals we use are alloys
- Metallic Issues
- Recycling saves energy and limited resources
- Using metals in construction
- Disadvantages
- Uses limited resources
- Can rust
- More expensive than other materials
- Advantages
- Strong
- Malleable
- Ductile
- Good conductors of heat and electricity
- Disadvantages
- Extracting Metals
Crude Oils and Fuels
- Fuels from Crude Oil
- Crude oil is a mixture of many compounds
- Distillation separates a mixture of liquids
- Most of the compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons- only contain hydrogen and carbon
- Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, meaning there are as many hydrogen atoms as possible in the molecule
- Fractional Distillation
- Crude oil can be separated into fractions by fractional distillation
- Properties of these fractions depend on molecule size
- Fractions with lower boiling points are less viscous and more flammable
- Burning Fuels
- Burning hydrocarbons produces carbon dioxide and water
- Burning hydrocarbons in a limited air supply causes incomplete combustion and may produce carbon monoxide and soot
- When burnt sulphur compounds produce sulphur dioxide and nitrogen compounds form nitrogen oxides
- Both can cause acid rain
- Cleaner Fuels
- Alternative Fuels
- Fuels from Crude Oil
Products from Oil
- Cracking Hydrocarbons
- Making Polymers from Alkenes
- New and Useful Polymers
- Plastic Waste
- Ethanol
Plant Oils
- Extracting Vegetable Oil
- Cooking with Vegetable Oil
- Everyday Emulsions
- Food Issues
Our Changing Planet
- Structure of the Earth
- Restless Earth
- Earth's Atmosphere in the Past
- Life on Earth
- Gases in the Atmosphere
- Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere
Informações
- Descrição
- This is my mind map hope you think it helps.
- Criado por
- Hannahh Watts
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- Criado por Phoebe Drew · 1 mar 2016
- Copiado por Hannahh Watts · 1 mar 2016
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