Localized Representations of Memory

Localized Representations of Memory

1. Classical Conditioning

   • Pairing two stimuli changes the response to one of them
   • Pavlov (1927)
     • Dogs, bell, food, saliva
   • Present a conditioned stimulus (CS)
     • Presents unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
       • Automatically elicits the unconditioned response (UCR)
         • makes new learned response to CS called conditioned response (CR)
   • the CS and UCS occur at certain times regardless of the individual's behaviour.

2. Instrumental Conditioning

   • An individual's response leads to a reinforcer or punishment.
   • Reinforcer
     • any event that increases the future probability of the response
   • Punishment
     • an event that suppresses the frequency of the response
   • Rat enters one arm of maze, finds froot loops, probability of entering again increases.
     • If the rat receives a shock it decreases
   • Individual's response determines the outcome

3. Some are more difficult to categorise

   • Male songbird hears song of his own species and imitates it.
     • Song was not paired with anything so isn't classical conditioning
     • Learnt without reinforcers or rewards so isn't instrumental conditioning