Gandhi

Gandhi

1. Non-Cooperation movement 1 1919-1920

   • Gandhi's first intervention in India
   • Why did it happen?
     • Protest about the Rowlett act
     • Tension with the Amritsar massacre
   • Mostly consisted of Hartels

2. Non-Cooperation movement 2 1920-1921

   • Why did it start?
     • Tensions were still high because of the Amritsar massacre
     • General Dyer was receiving too much praise
   • What happened?
     • Gandhi declared the aim of Swaraj with a year
     • Protests
       • Boycotting of Schools and Colleges by teachers
       • Boycotting of law courts by lawyers
       • Boycotting of elections, councils, official functions and honours
       • Swadesh was promoted and alcohol prohibited
       • 30,000 people were arrested because of this
     • The movement created mass support through imagination and symbolism
     • Gandhi asked for all prisoners to be let free, including the Khilafatists (terrorists)
       • Refused and the plan fell through

3. Salt March 1930

   • Why did it happen?
     • To publicise a boycott of the british salt tax
     • Gandhi wanted to convert the British to non-violence so they can see the wrong they did in India
   • What happened?
     • Gandhi held a gathering before the march, 75,000 people attended
       • British soon realised this was drawing world wide press
     • The day before the march Gandhi addressed 10,000 at a prayer meeting
     • Salt March started on the 12th of March
       • 78 satyagrahis set out, were expected to spin cloth, participate in group prayer, keep a diary and project peacefulness
         • If they encountered resistance they would submit to Ahimsa
     • Drew the world's attention to British greed and exploitation
   • Consequences
     • 2000 demonstrators attacked at a salt production plant by police armed with Lathis
       • 2 were killed and 320 injured
     • Over 20,000 arrested
     • Gandhi arrested on the 4th of may

4. Ghandian Principles

   • Satyagraha
     • Literal meaning is truth-force or soul-force
   • Ahmisa
     • Literal meaning is non-violence
   • Swadesh
     • Spinning your own cloth, promoting self reliance
   • Swaraj
     • His political goal in his first campaigns

5. Civil Disobediance Campaign 1932

   • Why did it happen?
     • Gandhi was in the round table conferences, when returned he was arrested within a week
   • What happened?
     • Gandhi-Irwin pact was broken, Congress threatened civil disobediance
     • Government granted itself emergency powers within 24 hours
       • Everything that made up congress was outlawed and over 100,000 were arrested
     • Gandhi was freed from prison on health grounds because of his fasting in protest
     • Consequences
       • Gandhi advised congress to stop civil disobedience and for the government to release the prisoners. Both refused

6. Quit India 1942

   • Why did it happen?
     • Gandhi went for full indapendance and believed India and Britian should be separated
     • Gandhi believed there were no common interests between Britain and India
   • What happened?
     • Congress endorsed Gandhi's Quit India campaign
     • Congress ordered their supporters to make India ungovernable
     • Gandhi told people to 'go out to die, not to live'
       • This caused horrific killings, riots, attacks on Europeans and damage to Government property
       • Even in war time, with a Japanese attack imminent they destroyed things like railways, signal boxes, telegraph and telephone lines were torn down
         • Plans were flown over railway lines and other important things, they would drop flares, if the crowd did not disperse they were machine gunned.
         • 35,000 British troops were deployed, some guarded important structure such as Communication lines and Munition stores.
   • Impact
     • 1000 dead, 3000 seriously injured
     • Noting major happened, The government did not stop, all it caused was destruction and despair