Tectonic hazards

Tectonic hazards

1. STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

   • Inner core = solid, made of iron
   • Outer core = liquid iron
   • Mantle = high temperature, consistency of jam
   • Crust = Outer layer separated into plates. Continental and oceanic crust
     • Continental crust = thick, less dense than oceanic. Between 25-90km thick. Mainly granite.
     • Oceanic crust = quite thick, made from heavier rock than continental, between 5-10km thick. Made from basalt. Made from younger rocks as constantly destroyed and replaced.

2. MONTSERRAT

   • LEDC
   • About volcano
     • Caribbean Sea
     • Soufriere hills
     • Destructive plate boundary
     • Eruption in 1995
       • 2,000 people left island in first day
       • Later 9000 left leaving 8000 people
     • 2002, started up again. 2000m high clouds in 'safe area'
   • Effects
     • 19 killed
     • Hundreds homeless
     • Effects on business, people moving away.
     • Crops damaged
   • Responses
     • Exclusion zone for volcano moved further North
     • Charities and British Government gave aid to people leaving island
     • People rebuilt homes in North of the island
     • USA sent troops for evacuation
     • Charities like Red Cross set up temporary schools
     • More monitoring of volcano by scientists
     • Vegetation regrew in some areas

3. CHRISTCHURCH

   • About
     • New Zealand
     • Destructive Plate Boundary
       • Pacific plate sinking under Indo-Australian plate
     • 2010 = magnitude of 7.1
     • 2011 = magnitude of 6.3
   • Effects of 2011
     • 181 killed by falling buildings
     • Several thousand injured
     • Damage to buildings, roads, landscape
     • 80% city without power
     • People crushed by buildings
     • 163 schools closed for 3 weeks
     • 11 schools seriously damaged
   • Responses of 2011
     • 450 mobile homes set up around Christchurch
     • $400 billion in repairs
     • Memorial service held for dead
     • Fundraising and charity events to raise money to rebuild homes

4. HURRICANE KATRINA

   • About
     • States affected - Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi
     • August 2005
     • Highest category: 5
     • America
   • Effects
     • Hit New Orleans and broke levees
     • Over 10,000 homeless
     • Oil production in Gulf of Mexico stopped
     • Erosion on beaches, habitats and breeding grounds affected, e.g. in turtles
     • Thousands of jobs lost
     • 1,836 killed in hurricane
     • Over 3 million people without electricity
     • 80% New Orleans under water
     • Storm surges up to 20ft in height
     • Over 26,000 went to Superdome which had resources for 10,000
     • Lack of clean water for survivors - contamination
   • Responses
     • Popular tourist areas recovered
     • $50billion aid given by government to rebuild city
     • Poorer neighbourhoods still not recovered
     • Building rebuilt
     • Area cleaned up - dead bodies removed from streets
   • MEDC

5. CYCLONE NARGIS

   • About
     • May 2008
     • Affected Burma, SW of Bangladesh
     • Category 4
   • LEDC
   • Effects
     • Lack of food + water for survivors
     • Children orphaned
     • Many died from spread of disease
     • Lots of damage to buildings. Many homeless.
     • $10 billion damage
     • Majority of people worked in flooded rice fields= lost harvest and income
     • Storm surge of 7.6km
     • Heavy rainfall
     • Farmland, fisheries, livestock destroyed
   • Responses
     • Operation USA helped to provide medicine
     • Money given to rebuild livelihoods
     • Health centres and schools reconstructed
     • Over 4,000 people from 136 villages trained in community-based disaster risk management
     • Better communication - telephone lines installed, etc.
     • Improved services in some areas - water, hygiene, disease awareness, etc.
     • 7,444 people and their families have benefited from “cash-for-work” opportunities.

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