Networking

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Ethernet Standards

Ethernet

10BaseT

10 Mbps (half-duplex) bandwidth

20 Mbps (full-duplex) bandwidth

Twisted Pair cable (Cat3, 4 or 5)

100 meters max length

10BaseFL

10 Mbps (multimode cable) bandwidth

Fiber Optic cable

1,000 to 2,000 meters max length

Fast Ethernet

100BaseTX

100 Mbps (half-duplex) bandwidth

200 Mbps (full-duplex) bandwidth

Twisted Pair cable (Cat5 or higher) uses 2 pairs of wires

100 meters max length

100BaseFX

100 Mbps (multimode cable) bandwidth

Fiber Optic cable

412 meters max length

Gigabit Ethernet

1000BaseT

1,000 Mbps (half-duplex) bandwidth

2,000 Mbps (full-duplex) bandwidth

Twisted Pair cable (Cat5 or higher)

100 meters max length

1000BaseCX (short copper)

1,000 Mbps (half-duplex) bandwidth

2,000 Mbps (full-duplex) bandwidth

Special copper cable (150 ohm)

25 meters, used within wiring closets

1000BaseS (short)

1,000 Mbps (half-duplex) bandwidth

2,000 Mbps (full-duplex) bandwidth

Fiber Optic cable

220 to 550 meters depending on cable quality

1000BaseLX (long)

1000 Mbps (half-duplex) bandwidth

2,000 Mbps (full-duplex) bandwidth

Fiber Optic cable

550 meters (multimode)

10 kilometers (single-mode)

10 Gigabit Ethernet

10GBaseT

10 Gbps (full-duplex only) bandwidth

Twisted Pair cable (Cat6 or 7)

100 meters max length

10GBaseSR / 10GBaseSW

10 Gbps (full-duplex only) bandwidth

Multimode Fiber Optic cable

300 meters max length

10GBaseLR / 10GBaseLW

10 Gbps (full-duplex only) bandwidth

Single-mode Fiber Optic cable

10 kilometers max length

10GBaseER / 10GBaseEW

10 Gbps (full-duplex only) bandwidth

Single-mode Fiber Optic cable

40 kilometers max length

Address Classes

Class A

1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255 range

255.0.0.0 default subnet mask

/8 CIDR

Class B

128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 range

255.255.0.0 default subnet mask

/16 CIDR

Class C

192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 range

255.255.255.0 default subnet mask

/24 CIDR

Class D

224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 range

N/A default subnet mask

N/A CIDR

Class E

40.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 range

N/A default subnet mask

N/A CIDR

Protocols

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

80 Default Port(s)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer or HTTP over SSL (HTTPS)

443 Default Port(s)

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

21 Default Port(s)

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

25 Default Port(s)

Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)

143 Default Port(s)_

Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3)

110 Default Port(s)

Remote Terminal Emulation (Telnet)

23 Default Port(s)

Secure Shell (SSH)

22 Default Port(s)

Secure FTP (SFTP)

22 Default Port(s)

Domain Name System (DNS)

53 default Port(s)

Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)

3389 Default Port(s)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

67, 68 Default Port(s)

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)

389, 636 Default Port(s)

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

161, 162 Default Port(s)

Server Message Block (SMB)

445 Default Port(s)

Server Location Protocol (SLP)

427 Default Port(s)

Apple Filling Protocol (AFP)

548 Default Port(s)

Configuration Facts: Parameter

IP address

The IP address identifies both the logical host and the logical network addresses

Each host on the entire network must have a unique IP address

Two devices on the same subnet must have IP addresses with the same network portion of the address

Two devices on the same subnet must have unique host portions of the IP address

Do not use the first or the last host address on a subnet address range

Subnet mask

The subnet mask identifies which portion of the IP address is the network address and which portion is the host address. Two devices on the same subnet must be configured with the same subnet mask.

Default gateway

The default gateway identifies the router ti which communications for remote networks are sent. The default gateway address is the IP address of the router interface on the same subnet as the local host. Without a default gateway set, most clients will be unable to communicate with hosts outside of the local subnet

DNS server

The DNS server address identifies the DNS server that is used to resolve host names to IP addresses

Hostname

The hosetname identifies the logical name of the local system

Configuration Facts: Method

Static

With static addressing, you manually assign all configuration values. Static addressing is prone to error and should only be used under the following conditions:

The network has a small number of hosts

The network will not change or grow

You have some hosts that must have the same address each time

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

O:n a network configured with DHCP, IP host contact a DHCP server for IP addressing and other configuration information. This ensures error-free host configuration. With DHCP:

The host uses broadcast messages to locate a DHCP server when it boots

The DHCP server assigns IP address and mask values to the host (called an address lease)

The DHCP server ensures that no two hosts are assigned the same IP address

You can configure the DHCP server to deliver default gateway, DNS server, and other configuration information to hosts

DHCP requires a special DHCP server, which is built-in most SOHO routers

Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)

If a Windows client is configured to receive an IP address from a DHCP server, but cannot contact a DHCP server, it will automatically assign itself an IP address within the following range:

169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254 with the subnet mask 255.255.0.0

With APIPA:

The host is configured to obtain IP information from a DHCP server (this is the default configuration)

If a DHCP server cannot be contacted, the host uses APIPA to assign itself the default gateway and DNS server addresses. For this reason, APIPA can only need gateway or DNS server settings configured.

You can use APIPA instead of DHCP server, but it should only be used on a small network that does not need default gateway or DNS server settings configured

APIPA is the term used by Microsoft Windows. On other systems (e.g., Linux), this functionality is known as link-local addressing.

Alternate IP configuration

With an alternate IP configuration, the system attempts to use DHCP for TCP/IP configuration information. If a DHCP server cannot be contacted, the static configuration values are used. When you configure an alternate IP address, APIPA is no longer used. Use an alternate configuration:

If you have a computer (e.g., a laptop) that connects to two networks (i.e., on with a DHCP server and another without a DHCP server)

If you want to provide values to properly configure the computer in case the DHCP server is unavailable

IPv6 facts

Prefix Component

The first 64 bits are known as the Prefix

The 64-bit prefix can be divided into various parts, with each part having a specific meaning. Parts in the prefix can identify the geographic region, the ISP, the network, and the subnet

The prefix length identifies the number of bits in the relevant portion of the prefix. To indicate the prefix length, add a slash (/) followed by the prefix length number. Full quartets with trailing 0's in the prefix address can be omitted (for example 2001:0D8:4898:DAFC::/64)

Because addresses are allocated based on physical location, the prefix generally identifies the location of the host. The 64-bit prefix is often referred to as the global routing prefix

Interface ID component

The last 64 bits are the interface ID. This is the unique address assigned to an interface

Addresses are assigned to interfaces (network connections), not t. Technically, the interface ID is not a host address

In most cases, individual interface IDs are not assigned by ISPs, but are rather generated automatically or managed by sit administrators

Interface IDs must be unique within a subnet, but can be the same if the interfaces us on different subnets

On Ethernet networks, the interface ID can be automatically derived from the MAC address. Using the Automatic host ID simplifies administration