Biology- chapter 3

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Terms to know:

-monosaccharides

-disaccharide

-polysaccharide

Storage polysaccharides

-Starch > polymer of glucose molecules

-Glycogen> polymer of glucose (like amylopectin but more branched)

Structure polysaccharides

-Cellulose> polysaccharide, IMPORTANT in cell walls

-Chitin> carb used by insects. exoskeletons

C arbon

H ydrogen

O xygen

N itrogen

P hosphorus

^organic compounds ( carbon skeletons)

CARBON

can form up to 4 covalent bonds

has 6 protons

FUNCTION:

1) short term energy storage *get the energy by breaking the bonds*

2) structural support

(cellulose; plant cell wall)

(chitin; fungal cell wall, exoskeleton)

LIPIDS

FATS

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

STEROIDS

Saturated: no double bonds

Unsaturated: has double bonds in skeleton

*large molecules assembled by dehydration synthesis from smaller molecules (glycerol and fatty acids)

^ FATTY ACID

*only two fatty acids attached to glycerol

Triglyceride/Triglycerol^

Carbon Skeleton of 4 fused rings

*Different steroids are distinguished by the chemical groups attached

Cholesterol: crucial to animal cell membrane

PROTEINS

AMINO ACIDS-

amino group and carboxyl group

-determine proteins function!

Polypeptides- polymer of protein

Catalysts- chemical agent that speeds up chemical reactions

CARBOHYDRATES

NUCLEIC ACIDS

FUNCTION

-Control synthesis of proteins *PROTEINS DO EVERYTHING!

-store genetic information

Monomer: nucleotide

Polymer: DNA & RNA (polynucleotides)

PYRIMIDINE

adenine

guanine

PURINE

cytosine

thymine

uracil

-Provides directions for its own replication

-Directs RNA synthesis

DNA

RNA

-mRNA; messenger RNA conveys genetic instructions for building proteins

Dou

Double Helix

Antiparallel: 5' 3' phosphate backbone

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids