13241382
Descrição
Quiz por Jessica Bulley, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Jessica Bulley
aproximadamente 6 anos atrás
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Questão 1
Questão
Select two reasons for preventing microbes from getting into food.
Responda
-
Prevent slow decomposition process
-
Prevent bad odors
-
Prevent food spoilage
-
Prevent food related illnesses
Questão 2
Questão
Select Five ways how could microbes contaminate food
Responda
-
• with soil
-
• preparation procedures
-
• improper storage
-
• harvesting/slaughtering
-
• handling
-
• incorrect food stacking in fridge
-
• delayed pesticides
Questão 3
Questão
How does fermentation preserve food?
Responda
-
Increases shelf life and safety of product and Improves digestibility, nutritional content
-
Increases putrification and safety of product and speeds up disease process, nutritional content
Questão 4
Questão
List Five relevant boxes to pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites that can cause illness through food or water
Responda
-
Salmonella spp. infection Vibrio cholera Vibrio parahaemolyticus
-
Rotavirus Hepatitis A Polio Vaccine Adenovirus
-
Helminths Crytosporidium parvum Entamaeba histolytica Giardia lamblia
-
Bacillus cereus intoxication Clostridium botulinum Staphylococcus aureus Campylobacter infection
-
Norovirus Astrovirus Entrovirus (Echovirus)
-
Rhinovirus Sinusitus Pleurusy TSS
Questão 5
Questão
Norovirus, Astrovirus and Entrovirus (Echovirus) are types of parasitic foodborne diseases
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 6
Questão
Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter infection, Salmonella spp. Vibrio cholera & Vibrio parahaemolyticus are types of Bacterial foodborne diseases
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 7
Questão
Why does spoilage of food appear rapid when the microbes are on the food for long periods before the appearance of spoilage?
Responda
-
• Due to exponential growth pattern microbes
-
• Due to stationary pattern of microbes
Questão 8
Questão
List Two uses for microbes in the industry.
Responda
-
Genetic engineering – deliberate modification of an organisms genome
-
Recombinant DNA technology – isolating a specific gene and inserting into a vector (plasmid) to form a recombinant molecule and producing large amounts of gene product
-
High transfection efficiency
Questão 9
Questão
List Five reasons for treating waste water.
Responda
-
• Remove pathogens: bacteria, viruses, eggs and cysts of parasitic worms
-
• Remove nutrients that cause pollution
-
• Prevent foul odours: H2S, amines, oil and grease scum
-
• Prevent contamination of drinking water
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• Remove toxins: metals, pesticides, herbicides
-
• Remove bad taste
Questão 10
Questão
What is B.O.D?
Responda
-
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
-
Biological Oxydation Determination
Questão 11
Questão
Why is Biochemical Oxygen Demand important?
Responda
-
Determines the levels of biological degradable organic material present in water
-
Determine the levels of biological mercury not organic material present in water
Questão 12
Questão
What is the main process in secondary sewage treatment?
Responda
-
Microbial digestion of organic material and hydrolysis
-
Microbial digestion of organic material and Haemolysis
Questão 13
Questão
Give 3 uses for Bacteriophage
Responda
-
• Possible treatment for bacterial infection
-
• Identify pathogenic bacteria (Phage typing)
-
• Recombinant DNA technology
-
• Complete eradication of Viruses
Questão 14
Questão
What are the advantages of using HIV as a vector for gene therapy?
Responda
-
• Retrovirus • Reverse transcriptase generates DS-DNA • Integrated into host chromosome • Gene replacement therapy • Deliver and express gene
-
• Rhinovirus • Quickly transcriptase generates DS-DNA • Non-conforming into host chromosome • Prevention of Gene replacement therapy • Deliver and express gene
Questão 15
Questão
Name 5 different areas of study within the field of Haematology
Responda
-
Haemopoiesis
-
Coagulation
-
Haemoglobin
-
Formed elements of blood
-
Blood transfusion / cross matching
-
Dialylsis
Questão 16
Questão
What is Anaemia?
Responda
-
An abnormal decrease of RBC
-
An abnormal increase of RBC
Questão 17
Questão
Explain what is meant by the term Leukaemia.
Responda
-
An abnormal increase of WBC
-
An abnormal decrease of WBC
Questão 18
Questão
What is Haemopoiesis?
Responda
-
The production of the formed elements of blood - WBC’s, RBC’s and platelets
-
The breakdown of the formed elements of blood - WBC’s, RBC’s and platelets
Questão 19
Questão
What is Erythropoiesis?
Responda
-
The process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes).
-
The process which produces white blood cells (leukocytes).
Questão 20
Questão
What is the correct term for a decrease in neutrophils?
Responda
-
Neutropaenia
-
Neutrophilia
Questão 21
Questão
Where does Haemopoiesis occur? Select Two answers
Responda
-
Foetus - yolk sac, liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes
-
Adult - bone marrow
-
Foetus - liver, kidneys, placenta, bone marrow, lymph nodes
-
Adult - bone marrow, liver
Questão 22
Questão
Describe the shape of a RBC. Why do RBCs have this shape? Select Two answers
Responda
-
Shape allows for slow and constant diffusion of gasses, flexibility, change in shape/size
-
Biconcave disc - sturdy
-
Biconcave disc - flexible
-
Shape allows for rapid diffusion of gasses, flexibility, change in shape/size
Questão 23
Questão
Discuss the significance of the RBC membrane.
Responda
-
rapid diffusion of gasses
-
slow yet constant diffusion of gasses
Questão 24
Questão
List 3 Granulocytes that can be found in peripheral blood.
Responda
-
Neutrophils
-
Basophils
-
Eosinophils
-
Monocytes
-
Lymphocytes
Questão 25
Questão
List each of the 5 WBC types found in peripheral blood
Responda
-
Neutrophils
-
Monocytes
-
Lymphocytes
-
Eosinophils
-
Basophils
-
Leukocytes
-
Platelets
Questão 26
Questão
Neutrophils are the most common type of WBC and have
Responda
-
small granules in cytoplasm
-
large granules in cytoplasm
Questão 27
Questão
Eosinophils have
Responda
-
large strongly staining (orange/red) cytoplasm granules
-
small strongly staining (blue/purple) cytoplasm granules
Questão 28
Questão
Basophils have
Responda
-
large cytoplasmic granules (dark staining)
-
small cytoplasmic granules (orange staining)
Questão 29
Questão
Lymphocytes have a
Responda
-
large round nucleus/less cytoplasm
-
no nucleus/lots of cytoplasm
Questão 30
Questão
Monocytes are the largest WBC and have a
Responda
-
kidney shaped nucleus
-
liver shaped nucleus
Questão 31
Responda
-
Neutrophils
-
Eosinophils
Questão 32
Responda
-
Eosinophils
-
Basophils
Questão 33
Responda
-
Basophils
-
Neutrophils
Questão 34
Responda
-
Lymphocytes
-
Basophils
Questão 35
Responda
-
Monocytes
-
Eosinophils
Questão 36
Questão
What is the term used to describe variation in RBS size?
Responda
-
Anisocytosis
-
Poikilocytosis
Questão 37
Questão
Select the correct definition of Elliptocytes (RBC Poikilocytosis)
Responda
-
– Oval shaped rather than thin or round – Less pronounced defects – Found in some types of anaemia
-
– Thin elongated cigar shaped cells – Change to membrane structure – Found in various types of anaemia
Questão 38
Questão
Select the correct definition of Ovalocytes (RBC Poikilocytosis)
Responda
-
– Oval shaped rather than thin or round – Less pronounced defects – Found in some types of anaemia
-
– Thin elongated cigar shaped cells – Change to membrane structure – Found in various types of anaemia
Questão 39
Questão
Select the correct definition of Codocytes (RBC Poikilocytosis)
Responda
-
– Loss of biconcave shape – Increased surface area:volume ratio
-
– Loss of biconcave shape - sphere – Decreased surface area:volume ratio – Found in many anaemias
Questão 40
Questão
Select the correct definition of Spherocytes (RBC Poikilocytosis)
Responda
-
– Loss of biconcave shape - sphere – Decreased surface area:volume ratio – Found in many anaemias
-
– Loss of biconcave shape – Increased surface area:volume ratio
Questão 41
Questão
Select the correct definition of Schistocytes (RBC Poikilocytosis)
Responda
-
– Irregularly contracted fragments – Variable appearance – Found in conditions with trauma to RBC’s e.g. burns
-
– Elongated, crescent shaped – Sickle cell anaemia – Abnormal haemoglobin (HbS)
Questão 42
Questão
Select the correct definition of Drepanocytes (RBC Poikilocytosis)
Responda
-
– Elongated, crescent shaped – Sickle cell anaemia – Abnormal haemoglobin (HbS)
-
– Irregularly contracted fragments – Variable appearance – Found in conditions with trauma to RBC’s e.g. burns
Questão 43
Questão
Select the correct definition of Acanthocytes (burr cells) (RBC Poikilocytosis)
Responda
-
– Multiple irregular thorny projections – Changes in phospholipid metabolism – Found in liver disease
-
– Teardrop shape – Stretched out of shape - excessive time (spleen) – Found in many conditions
Questão 44
Questão
Select the correct definition of Dacrocytes (teardrop cells) (RBC Poikilocytosis)
Responda
-
– Teardrop shape – Stretched out of shape - excessive time (spleen) – Found in many conditions
-
– Multiple irregular thorny projections – Changes in phospholipid metabolism – Found in liver disease
Questão 45
Questão
Select the correct definition of Stomatocytes (RBC Poikilocytosis)
Responda
-
- Oval or rectangular area of central pallor – “Cup” - shaped – Found in liver disease
-
– Short, evenly spaced pointed projections – Acute blood loss, burns, uraemia - kidney failure
Questão 46
Questão
Select the correct definition of Echinocytes (RBC Poikilocytosis)
Responda
-
– Short, evenly spaced pointed projections – Acute blood loss, burns, uraemia - kidney failure
-
– Oval or rectangular area of central pallor – “Cup” - shaped – Found in liver disease
Questão 47
Questão
What is Polychromasia and what may it indicate?
Responda
-
Abnormal coloured RBC's (blue, orange) which may indicate increased number of immature RBC’s
-
Abnormal pale RBC's which may indicate decreased number of immature RBC’s
Questão 48
Questão
What physiological processes do platelets have a role in?
Responda
-
Primary role is the prevention of blood loss
-
Primary role is the encouragement of blood loss
Questão 49
Questão
What does the term “Thrombocytopaenia” mean?
Responda
-
Decreased platelet count
-
Increased platelet count
Questão 50
Questão
What is the term for an increased number of Lymphocytes in the peripheral blood?
Responda
-
Lymphocytosis
-
Lymphopaenia
Questão 51
Questão
Either of 2 principles can be used in Automated Cell Counting machines. What are these 2 principles?
Responda
-
Manual or automated
-
Direct or indirect
Questão 52
Questão
What blood cells can be manually counted using a Haemocytometer? (Can the chamber also be used to count anything else besides blood cells?)
Responda
-
All blood cells. The chamber can also be used to count bacterial cells in suspension and WBC’s in CSF
-
All blood cells aside from platelets. The chamber can also be used to count bacterial cells in suspension and WBC’s in CSF
Questão 53
Questão
Different areas of a counting chamber are used for counting different types of blood cells. What areas are used for a manual WCC?
Responda
-
The Diff
-
Relative count
Questão 54
Questão
Explain why WBC types should always be reported as Absolute Number and not Relative numbers following a Diff.
Responda
-
Absolute Number count indicates the exact number of cells per RBC/WBC which may differ from other relative levels of different cells.
-
Due to possible computer malfunctions, it is possible to have an incorrect relative number statement of sample.
Questão 55
Questão
How do autoimmune diseases occur?
Responda
-
An autoimmune disorder occurs when the body's immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue by mistake.
-
An autoimmune disorder occurs when the body's digestive system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue by mistake.
Questão 56
Questão
Describe the difference between passive and active vaccination.
Responda
-
Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system. Active immunity results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease.
-
Passive immunity results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease. Active immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system.
Questão 57
Questão
What does MHC stand for?
Responda
-
Major histocompatibility complex
-
Major histopathology complex
Questão 58
Questão
What is the purpose of MHC?
Responda
-
The function of MHC molecules is to bind peptide fragments derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T cells.
-
The function of MHC molecules is to bind T cell fragments derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T cells.
Questão 59
Questão
Adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response and Innate immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 60
Questão
Innate immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response and Adaptive immunity refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 61
Questão
....refers to antigen-specific immune response. The adaptive immune response is more complex than the innate. The antigen first must be processed and recognized. Once an antigen has been recognized, the adaptive immune system creates an army of immune cells specifically designed to attack that antigen. Adaptive immunity also includes a "memory" that makes future responses against a specific antigen more efficient.
Responda
-
Adaptive immunity
-
Innate immunity
Questão 62
Questão
B Cells ....
Responda
-
.....proliferate into Memory B cells and plasma cells
-
..... do not proliferate into Memory B cells and plasma cells
Questão 63
Questão
Memory B cells are derived from B cells. They are immune specific towards a certain bacterium or virus.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 64
Questão
Plasma cells are derived from B cells. They enlarge and secrete large amounts of antibodies.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 65
Questão
The Humoral response:
[blank_start]4.[blank_end] B cells produce memory cells. Memory cells provide future immunity.
[blank_start]1.[blank_end] Antigens bind to B cells.
[blank_start]3.[blank_end] B cells proliferate and produce plasma cells. The plasma cells bear antibodies with the identical antigen specificity as the antigen receptors of the activated B cells. The antibodies are released and circulate through the body, binding to antigens.
[blank_start]2.[blank_end] Interleukins or helper T cells costimulate B cells. In most cases, both an antigen and a costimulator are required to activate a B cell and initiate B cell proliferation.
Responda
-
4.
-
1.
-
3.
-
2.
Questão 66
Questão
A T cell, or T lymphocyte, is a type of lymphocyte (a subtype of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 67
Questão
When a Macrophage engulfs a Pathogen, it becomes a
Responda
-
Antigen Presenting Cell
-
Antibiotic Presenting Cell
Questão 68
Questão
Helper T cells recognize Antigen Presenting Cells and helps to stimulate B cells to divide into Plasma cells
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 69
Questão
Helper B cells recognize Antigen Presenting Cells and helps to stimulate B cells to divide into Plasma cells
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 70
Questão
Memory helper T cells are a part of the Memory bank which help to attack and destroy the same pathogen if it was to return again.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 71
Questão
[blank_start]T[blank_end] Cells are produced in the [blank_start]Thymus[blank_end], once they have matured they are sent to the [blank_start]Spleen[blank_end] or to circulate around the [blank_start]Lymph[blank_end] system.
Responda
-
T
-
B
-
Thymus
-
Bone marrow
-
Spleen
-
Sternum
-
Lymph
-
Cardiovascular
Questão 72
Questão
A Cytotoxic T cell (killer T cell) is a type of immune cell that can kill certain cells, including foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with a virus.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 73
Questão
A cell‐mediated response involves mostly T cells and responds to any cell that displays aberrant MHC markers, including cells invaded by pathogens, tumor cells, or transplanted cells.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 74
Questão
The cell‐mediated response involves mostly [blank_start]T[blank_end] cells
Responda
-
T
-
B
Questão 75
Questão
The humoral response (or antibody‐mediated response) involves mainly [blank_start]B[blank_end] cells
Responda
-
B
-
T
Questão 76
Questão
Select the different types of T cells.
Responda
-
Killer T-cells
-
Helper T-cells
-
Macrophage
-
Bank T Cells
Questão 77
Questão
Poikilocytes are abnormally shaped red blood cells
Responda
- True
- False
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