Quiz
modalities final quiz
Perguntas do quiz (58)
1According to Ohm’s law, which of the following statements is most accurate?
- ACurrent flow will decrease when voltage decreases regardless of resistance.
- BCurrent flow is indirectly proportional to voltage.
- CCurrent flow is directly proportional to voltage.
- DCurrent flow is not related to voltage; it is related to resistance.
2What is meant by the term “capacitance,” and what biologic tissue has this quality?
- AThe ability to store charge in an electric field and oppose change in current flow; muscle membranes
- BThe ability to resist the flow of current in an electric field; adipose tissue
- CThe ability to conduct charge in an electric field; nerve
- DNone of the above
3Impedance changes in the presence of injury and disease and will increase with which of the following?
- AEdema, ischemia, atherosclerosis, scarring, and denervation
- BAbrasions
- COpen wounds
- DAll of the above
4What two conditions are necessary for current to flow?
- AAn energy source that creates a difference in electrical potential and a capacitor
- BCurrent and ions
- CAn energy source that creates a difference in electrical potential and a conductor
- DCurrent and a conductor
- ENone of the above
5What chemical reaction takes place at the interface between the negative electrode and underlying tissue?
- AThe formation of hydrochloric acid, which softens tissues
- BThe formation of sodium hydroxide, which softens tissues
- CThe formation of sodium hydroxide, which hardens tissues
- DThe formation of hydrochloric acid, which hardens tissues
6Which of the following definitions best describes direct current?
- AThe unidirectional or bidirectional flow of charged particles periodically ceasing for less than one second before the next electrical event
- BThe unidirectional uninterrupted flow of charged particles with a duration of at least one second
- CA monophasic pulse that changes phase at least twice within one second
- DThe bidirectional uninterrupted flow of charged particles changing direction at least once per second
7Which of the following definitions best describes alternating current?
- AThe unidirectional uninterrupted flow of charged particles with a duration of at least one second
- BThe unidirectional or bidirectional flow of charged particles periodically ceasing for less than one second before the next electrical event
- CA monophasic pulse that randomly changes phase at least twice within one minute
- DThe bidirectional uninterrupted flow of charged particles changing direction at least once per second
8Why does the diagram of the waveform rarely reflect what the patient is actually receiving?
- AIt is affected by the capacitance and reactance of the tissue.
- BIt is affected by the intensity of the stimulation.
- CIt is not affected; it will be the same.
- DIt is affected by the capacitance and intensity of the stimulation.
9Which type of waveform is most likely to produce a net charge in the underlying tissue?
- AAn asymmetrical waveform
- BA symmetrical waveform
- CAn unbalanced waveform
- DA balanced waveform
10Which waveform has the ability to activate peripheral nerves with minimal electrical charge and has minimal potential for skin reactions?
- ASymmetrical biphasic
- BMonophasic
- CAsymmetrical biphasic
- DAsymmetrical monophasic
11Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the stimulation of nerve fiber?
- ALarger diameter fibers require lower levels of stimulation to elicit a response.
- BLarger diameter fibers require higher levers of stimulation to elicit a response.
- CSmaller diameter fibers require lower levels of stimulation to elicit a response.
- DNerve fiber stimulation with electrical stimulation is uncomfortable.
12What is the potential clinical significance for an off ramp on a biphasic stimulator?
- AThe off ramp prevents the clinician from turning the stimulus up too quickly.
- BIf a muscle contraction is elicited, the off ramp provides the patient with the opportunity to hold the contraction after the stimulus has ended.
- CIf a muscle contraction is elicited, the off ramp provides the patient with a warning that the stimulus will be getting stronger.
- DThe off ramp prevents the clinician from turning the stimulus off too quickly.
13Which of the following terms is not a synonym for frequency?
- AIntensity
- BCycles per second
- CRate
- DHertz
- EDuty factor
14What are the indications for clinical electrical stimulation?
- APain management
- BStimulation of denervated muscle
- CMuscle strengthening
- DMuscle spasm/guarding
- EAll of the above
15What is the normal pH of the skin?
- A5 to 6
- B1 to 2
- C7 to 8
- D3 to 4
- ENone of the above
16What effect does tissue hydration have on the impedance value of the skin?
- AHigher hydration results in higher impedance.
- BHigher hydration results in reduced impedance.
- CLower hydration results in reduced impedance
- DLower hydration results in no change in impedance.
17The term “iontophoresis” implies which of the following?
- AThe use of large amounts of physiologically acceptable electric current to deliver drugs into the body
- BThe use of electrical stimulation to deliver medication into the body
- CThe use of small amounts of physiologically acceptable electric current to deliver drugs into the body
- DThe use of ultrasound to deliver medication into the body
18When using iontophoresis to enhance the transcutaneous permeation of ionic drugs into the skin, what polarity must the electrode be in relationship to the medication?
- AThe polarity of the medication and the electrode should be the opposite of each other.
- BThe polarity of the medication and the electrode should be the same.
- CAs long as the electrode with the medication is hydrated, the polarity of the electrode makes no difference.
- DThere is no relationship between the polarity of the medication and the electrode.
19What type of current output is necessary for iontophoretic devices to be able to accomplish the delivery of a medication to a patient?
- APulsed current
- BAlternating current
- CDirect current
- DEither alternating or direct current, depending upon the manufacturer
20What parameters are adjusted to determine the dosage for iontophoresis to accomplish therapeutic treatment goals?
- ATreatment time and strength of medication
- BStrength of medication and pulse duration
- CIntensity and pulse duration
- DTreatment time and intensity
- ENone of the above
21Which of the following is the most important consideration and is also a contraindication to iontophoresis that must be considered by everyone involved in the administration of the treatment prior to the application of iontophoresis?
- AWhether or not the patient has a signed consent for treatment
- BWhether or not the patient has insurance coverage for treatment
- CWhether the time the patient has allotted for treatment is long enough to accomplish the treatment goals
- DWhether or not the patient has an allergy to the medication to be administered
22What seemingly simple fact must be true for the passing of current through an electrode into the skin via an electrode?
- AThe electrodes must have an electrically conductive surface.
- BThe electrodes must be connected to the patient and a stimulator and have an electrically conductive surface.
- CThe electrodes must be connected.
- DThe electrodes must be the same size and connected to a lead wire and a stimulator.
23Why is distilled water an inappropriate choice to hydrate electrodes?
- AElectrodes do not need to be hydrated to be conductive.
- BThere are too many free ions in tap water to transmit charge.
- CThere are no free ions in distilled water to transmit charge.
- DIt is an appropriate choice and is better than tap water to transmit charge.
24Self-adhering single-use or reusable electrodes are composed of flexible conductors that are covered with an electrically conductive interface. When would the use of this type of electrode be advantageous?
- AWhenever they are more convenient to adhere to the treatment area
- BWhenever strapping electrodes or taping electrodes on a patient is difficult
- CTo prevent the risk of cross contamination between patients if the electrodes are used for only one patient
- DAll of the above
25What is a potential disadvantage of self-adhering electrodes?
- AThe resistance exhibited by self-adhering electrodes may be too high.
- BThey may be too large. The sizes of self-adhering electrodes are limited, which is potentially disadvantageous.
- CTheir availability may be limited. If the patient's insurance doesn't cover the use of self-adhering electrodes, this could be a disadvantage.
- DThe resistance exhibited by self-adhering electrodes may be too low.
26Current density describes the amount of current concentrated under an electrode and is a measure of the quantity of charged particles moving through a specific cross-sectional area of body tissue. What is the relationship between electrode surface area and total current flow?
- AWhen the electrodes are small, the current density is high.
- BCurrent flows more easily in smaller electrodes.
- CThere is no relationship between electrode surface area and total current flow.
- DWhen the electrodes are large, the current density is high.
27What happens to current density when two electrodes from one channel of an electrical stimulation unit are different sizes?
- AThere will be no sensation under the electrodes
- BIt is contraindicated to use different size electrodes on one channel.
- CThere will be a greater concentration of current under the smaller electrode.
- DThere will be a greater concentration of current under the larger electrode.
28What is the difference between percutaneous and transcutaneous electrodes?
- AThere is no difference between transcutaneous and percutaneous electrodes.
- BPercutaneous electrodes are surface electrodes applied to the skin, and transcutaneous electrodes are needle electrodes inserted under the surface of the skin.
- CPercutaneous electrodes are applied to the surface of skin, and transcutaneous electrodes are inserted into the skin.
- DPercutaneous electrodes are inserted into the skin, and transcutaneous electrodes are applied to the surface of the skin.
29Which technique for the application of electrodes involves a single electrode from a channel, usually smaller in size, placed over the target area called the active electrode?
- ACriss-cross technique
- BQuadripolar technique
- CMonopolar technique
- DBipolar technique
- ENone of the above
30Which technique for the application of electrodes involves electrodes from two or more channels, each lead with two electrodes, with all four of the electrodes placed in the target treatment area?
- ACriss-cross technique
- BBipolar technique
- CMonopolar technique
- DQuadripolar technique
31All of the following could cause a patient to not feel electrical stimulation underneath one of the electrodes from a channel of an electrical stimulator except which one?
- AThe current density may be too low under one of the electrodes.
- BOne of the electrodes has become disconnected from a lead wire.
- CThe skin resistance may be too high under one of the electrodes.
- DThe patient may have decreased sensation under one of the electrodes.
32Which of the following terms is used to describe the use of electrical stimulation for activation of muscle through stimulation of the intact peripheral nerve?
- AFunctional electrical stimulation
- BTranscutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
- CElectrical stimulation
- DNeuromuscular electrical stimulation
- ENone of the above
33Which of the following terms is used to describe the use of electrical stimulation to facilitate muscle contractions for the purpose of performing an activity?
- AFunctional electrical stimulation
- BNeuromuscular electrical stimulation
- CElectrical stimulation
- DTranscutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
34Which of the following terms is used to describe the use of electrical stimulation for pain management with portable stimulators?
- AFunctional electrical stimulation
- BTranscutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
- CElectrical stimulation
- DNeuromuscular electrical stimulation
35For patients who are obese, it may not be possible to achieve the desired muscle response with NMES. Why?
- AThe statement is false.
- BThe depth of the myoneural junction in patients with significant adipose is prohibitively deeper than in patients who are not obese, making stimulation of the motor nerve virtually impossible.
- CThe motor nerve may be too “insulated” by the intervening layer of adipose to allow sufficient stimulation without painful stimulation of the sensory nerves in the skin.
- DFor patients who are obese, it may not be possible to achieve the desired muscle response with NMES. Why?
36Appropriate timing modulation for electrically elicited muscle contractions can facilitate the accomplishment of therapeutic treatment goals. Which of the following would be considered a more appropriate form of documentation for the on-off ratio of electrical stimulation, and why?
- A10 contractions in 15 minutes since both the number of contractions and treatment time are included.
- B20% duty factor for 15 minutes since the percentage of overall on time and the treatment time is included.
- C1:5 for 15 minutes since both the ratio and treatment time are included.
- D2 seconds on, 10 seconds off or 1:5 for 15 minutes since contraction times, relaxation times, and the treatment times are all included.
37What is the relationship between frequency and the quality of a motor response?
- AWhen the frequency is lower than 50 Hz, the quality of the motor response is optimal for most large muscles.
- BWhen the frequency is higher than 50 Hz, the quality of the motor response is less than optimal.
- CWhen the frequency is 50 Hz, the quality of the motor response is optimal for most large muscles.
- DFrequency and the quality of motor response are not related to each other.
38Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding NMES and isometric muscle contraction?
- ASimultaneous stimulation of the agonists and antagonists is discouraged with the use of NMES for muscle contraction.
- BThere was no difference between volitional isometric strength gains and NMES isometric strength gains.
- CSuperior isometric strength has been accomplished with NMES in comparison to volitional isometric contraction strength gains.
- DPatients receiving NMES should be permitted to move through the entire available range of motion for the therapeutic exercise that is augmented by the NMES.
39According to a normal strength duration (SD) curve, what would be the first sensation that a patient would perceive as the intensity was slowly increased and if the pulse duration of the stimulator was set at 250μsec (250 microseconds)?
- AAn achy sensation
- BPins and needles or tingling
- CPain
- DA muscle twitch or contraction
40Which of the following most accurately represents the sequence for tissue repair?
- ARemodeling, proliferation, inflammation
- BInflammation, proliferation, remodeling
- CInflammation, remodeling, proliferation
- DProliferation, inflammation, remodeling
41Which of the following is the most accurate definition of the term “current of injury”?
- A“Current of injury” is the electrical stimulation that caused injury to the underlying tissue.
- BWhen the skin is damaged, the polarity of the skin changes from negative to positive.
- CWhen the skin is damaged, the polarity of the skin changes.
- DWhen the skin is damaged, the polarity of the skin changes from positive to negative.
42What is meant by the term “Galvanotaxis”?
- AThe process in which cells possessing a positive or negative charge are carried in an electric field
- BThe process in which cells possessing a positive or negative charge are attracted to an electric field of opposite polarity
- CThe process in which cells possessing a positive or negative charge are found in an electric field
- DThe process in which cells possessing a positive or negative charge are repelled in an electric field of opposite polarity
43The positive pole in an electric field attracts all except which of the following types of cells?
- AMacrophages
- BCytokines
- CNegatively charged free ions
- DNeutrophils at higher pH values
44The literature regarding the effects of electrical stimulation for increasing blood flow to an area has been plagued by many irregularities and discrepancies. Which of the following statements is true?
- AThe use of electrical stimulation has been associated with increases in transcutaneous oxygen levels in individuals with spinal cord injuries.
- BSufficient oxygen is required for all phases of wound healing.
- CDiminished oxygen levels show a trend of being associated with the presence of pressure ulcers in individuals with spinal cord injuries.
- DAll of the above
45Which of the following statements is least accurate regarding the use of electrical stimulation for tissue repair?
- AElectrical stimulation may be used to solubilize necrotic wound tissue.
- BElectrical stimulation has no effect on necrotic tissue.
- CElectrical stimulation may be used to facilitate autolytic debridement.
- DElectrical stimulation may initiate the attraction of negatively charged neutrophils to promote autolysis in a wound.
- ENone of the above
46What was the significance of the decision of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) regarding electrical stimulation in 2002?
- AElectrical stimulation for tissue repair now can be claimed to be a contributing factor in the treatment of chronic wounds.
- BElectrical stimulation is now considered a covered charge for the treatment of chronic wounds.
- CElectrical stimulation was considered ineffective and non-reimbursable for the treatment of chronic wounds.
- DElectrical stimulation cannot be billed as a treatment modality for the treatment of chronic wounds.
47Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the polarity of wounds?
- AThe polarity of healing wounds is usually positive
- BAs healing progresses, the polarity of a wound usually changes.
- CThe use of currents that are capable of producing polar effects may be a factor in facilitating a healing response.
- DAll of the above
48Which of the following terms is best described as something that is capable of eliminating pain, edema, loss of function, heat, and erythema?
- AAnesthesia or anesthetic
- BAnalgesia or analgesic
- CAn anti-inflammatory
- DAn endogenous opiate
49Which of the following terms is best described as something that is administered to provide temporary relief of pain?
- AAn anti-inflammatory
- BAnesthesia or anesthetic
- CAnalgesia or analgesic
- DAn endogenous opiate
50Which of the following terms is best described as something that is capable of providing complete relief of pain and all sensation?
- AAnesthesia or anesthetic
- BAn endogenous opiate
- CAn anti-inflammatory
- DAnalgesia or analgesic
51Which of the following terms is best described as something that the body produces that is capable of providing temporary relief of pain?
- AAnesthesia or anesthetic
- BAn anti-inflammatory
- CAnalgesia or analgesic
- DAn endogenous opiate
52What is the potential purpose for providing sensory stimulation along the corresponding dermatome of a painful site?
- AThe sensory stimulation may block painful sensation from that corresponding area from ascending to the brain.
- BThe sensory stimulation will enhance perception of that area.
- CThe sensory stimulation may enhance the perpetuation of the painful stimulus from that area.
- DNone of the above
53What characteristics determine whether an electrode placement site is considered optimal for pain management with TENS?
- AThe area is a trigger point.
- BThe area is located on a sensory nerve that is segmentally related to the spinal cord nerve root for that area.
- CThe area is an acupuncture point.
- DAll of the above
54What fiber type would potentially need to be stimulated with electrical stimulation to cause the liberation of the longest lasting endogenous mechanisms for pain management?
- AC fibers
- BA-delta
- CMotor
- DA-beta
55Pain is perceived differently by each individual and we need to recognize that difference during treatment.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
56The formation of new blood vessels to a wound is called hemostasis.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
57A-beta fibers transmit discriminative touch stimuli from the skin.
- AVerdadeiro
- BFalso
58What effect does the amount of adipose tissue have on the impedance of the underlying tissues?
- AAdipose tissue has no effect on impedance.
- BThe smaller the amount of adipose tissue, the higher the impedance of the tissue.
- CThe smaller the amount of adipose tissue, the lower the impedance of the tissue.
- DThe larger the amount of adipose tissue, the lower the impedance of the tissue.
Informações
- Descrição
- LSAT Health and Physical Education Quiz sobre modalities final quiz, criado por Alberto Alejandro em 14-12-2018.
- Autor
- Alberto Alejandro
- Idioma
- English
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