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Evolution Final
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Perguntas do quiz (75)
1Which idea is central to the biological species concept?
- AVicariance
- BSexual selection
- CDivergent phenotypes
- DReproductive isolation
- EDistinct lineages
2The biological species concept has been widely adopted, but it also has some practical difficulties. Which of the following is not one of these difficulties?
- AThe concept cannot be applied to speciation resulting from polyploidy
- BThe concept cannot be applied to extinct species
- CMany populations are allopatric
- DThe concept does not apply to clonal organisms
- ETesting reproductive isolation in the lab is not always feasible
3According to the biological species concept, speciation consists of the evolution of biological barriers to gene flow The two most important forms of such barriers are _______ and ________ barriers
- Amale; female
- Bsexual selection; natural selection
- Ctemporal; spacial
- Dprezygotic; postzygotic
- Eecological; evolutionary
4What type of barrier to gene flow would we be observing if we noted that the offspring of a lion and a tiger (two differnt species) are awkward, gangly beasts that have poor survival in the wild?
- APremating barrier
- BGeographic isolation
- CPrezygotic barrier
- DTemporal isolation
- EPostzygotic barrier
5Imagine that you examine several variable loci from two populations of closely related organisms. Which statement describes a locus that would be a good candidate for a "genomic island of speciation"?
- AA locus in which the sequence is made similar by gene flow
- BA locus in which natural selection favors the same allele in both populations
- CLoci that differ greatly between the populations, with one allele fixed in one population and another allele nearly fixed in the other
- DAn allele at a locus that provides a selective advantage in one population's range, but not the other's
- EA neutrally evolving locus that is variable in both populations
6Reproductive isolation as a result of Dobzhansky=Muller incompatibility is caused by
- Areduced fertility of hybrid offspring
- Bthe inability of organisms from different lineages to fit their genitalia together
- Cthe lower fitness of hybrids as a result of underdominance
- Dthe failure of individuals of different lineages to recognize one another as potential mates
- Ethe inability of two or more loci from different lineages to function well together
7Most examples of polyploidy speciation involve
- Aplants.
- Bmammals.
- Carthropods.
- Dprokaryotes.
- Efungi.
8You collect individuals from different allopatric populations of a leaf=eating beetle. In the laboratory, you conduct mate-choice experiments to assess levels of reproductive isolation among beetles from different populations. Assuming that ecological speciation occurred in the wild, which pattern should you expect?
- ANo reproductive isolation
- BReproductive isolation that is independent of habitat type
- CMore reproductive isolation among populations that share similar habitat
- DLess reproductive isolation among populations that share similar habitats
- EComplete reproductive isolation among all populations
9Which observation does not provide evidence that sexual selection can be an important cause of speciation?
- ARapidly evolving surface proteins on sperm and eggs accelerate gametic isolation.
- BFemale crickets respond to songs that have a pulse rate similar to that of their own species.
- CIn cichlid fish, the color of males acts as a reproductive barrier between species.
- DGroups of birds with promiscuous mating systems have higher diversity than sister clades have.
- EIn many species, recombination rates differ for males and females.
10Why does reinforcement involve a strengthening of prezygotic, rather than postzygotic, isolation?
- AThe fitness effects the bostzygotic isolation are always much smaller than those of prezygotic isolation.
- BReinforcement occurs only rarely.
- CPostzygotic isolation has only a minimal evolutionary impact.
- DThere is selection for avoidance of investment in offspring that will have low fitness, but there is no benefit to reducing fitness of offspring that have already been produced.
- EInterspecific mating is uncommon.
11Which of the following is an example of allopatric speciation?
- ASpeciation as a result of mating preference by female cichlids within a single African rift lake
- BReproductive isolation progressively increases in a lizard population with differing habitats on opposite ends of its range
- CEvolution of genetic reproductive barriers between the population of angelfish isolated on either side of the Isthmus of Panama
- DEvolution of genetic reproductive barriers within a single, initially panmictic population of flies that use different host plants
- ESpeciation observed in the fossil record, such as during the gradual evolution of fully aquatic whales from a terrestrial ancestor
12Which observation would be evidence for allopatric speciation among finch species of the Galapagos Islands?
- AThe birds are closely related to birds found on the mainland
- BNo pairs of sister species formed on the same island
- CPairs of sister species can be found on adjacent islands
- DSpecific beak sizes are adaptations to the seeds of different species
- EMany different species have been found on various islands
13Most models of sympatric speciation postulate the existence of
- Aextinction and recolonization of local populations
- Bgeographical barriers between populations
- Cdisruptive selection based on resource use
- Dhigh levels of recombination between loci
- Eunequal numbers of males and females
14In North America, hawthorn trees were the ancestral hosts of the apple maggot fly (Rhagoletis pomonella). In the last 150 years, however, cultivated apples have become a host for some populations of R. pomonella. What factor may have allowed the colonization of apples a new host plant, and thus subsequent disruptive selection based on resource use?
- AApples and hawthorns are commonly cultivated together in New England
- BIntense pesticide use in some hawthorn-producing regions forced the flies to seek new hosts
- CApple trees and hawthorns are sister species and thus produce fruit with similar characteristics
- DHawthorns and apple trees produce fruit at different times in the summer
- EA blight killed hawthorn populations, and small populations of flies were able to adapt to apple use
15Which mode of speciation involves intermediate levels of gene flow?
- AAllopatric speciation
- BSympatric speciation
- CParapatric speciation
- DFounder effect speciation
- ECytological divergence
16How are extinctions related to biodiversity?
- Athe Earth's biodiversity is a result of the relationship between alpha and omega
- Bextinctions are less important to biodiversity within a specific geographic area than immigration and emigration
- Cextinctions always lead to a decrease in biodiversity because extinctions are negative
- Dextinctions can decrease standing diversity but not biodiversity
17Why is Wallace's Line significant in biogeography?
- Abecause Wallace's Line indicates continental barriers to dispersal
- Bbecause Wallace's Line divides two very distinctive faunas that are geographically very close together
- Cbecause Wallace's Line separates Australia from South America
- DBecause Wallace's Line divides tow geographic areas whose faunas are almost identical
18Which of these statements about vicariance is TRUE?
- Aplate tectonics are a primary mechanism of vicariance
- Bvicariance led to Australian and South American lineages of marsupials
- CVicariance prevents dispersal
19What is the turnover rate in stage B in Figure 14.7?
- A20 (34 total species minus 2 that originated and went extinct within the stages minus 4 more extinctions minus 8 more originations)
- B16 (6 extinctions plus 10 originations)
- C28 (34 total species minus 6 extinctions)
- D4 (10 origination's minus 6 extinctions)
20Which of the following is NOT a hypothesis about the conditions that can lead to adaptive radiations?
- Aadaptive radiations occur as a result of the absence of competitions for ecological resources
- Badaptive reactios occur as a result of island formation
- Cadaptive radiations occur as a result of key innovations
- Dnone of these is a hypothesis about the conditions that can lead to adaptive radiations
- Eall are hypotheses about the conditions that can lead to adaptive radiations
21The typical tempo of extinctions within a particular taxon is called
- Abackground extinction
- Bmass extinction
- Comega
- Dtotal extinction
- Eepisodic extinction
22Can the Big Five extinctions all be attributed to a single cause? If so, what caused them?
- AYes. The Big Five extinctions were caused by asteroids that had major impacts on habitats when they hit the Earth.
- BYes. The Big Five extinctions resulted from plate tectonics that changed the quantity and quality of available habitats.
- CNo. The Big Five extinctions were caused by various abiotic and biotic factors that affected different taxa differently.
- DNo. The Big Five extinctions resulted from low origination rates that resulted from a variety of biotic factors.
- ENo. The Big Five extinctions are statistical anomalies cased by examining families as taxonomic units instead of species.
23What is speciation?
- Athe process by which new species arise
- BCladogenesis
- CWhen lineage splits into two or more lineages
24Why don't scientists agree on a single definition of species?
- Abecause research methods can dictate which definition is most useful
- Bbecause they have no discovered the true definition of a species
- Cbecause different scientists have different philosophies about defining species
25Why isn't the fossil record a complete record of life on Earth?
- ABecause organisms eat other organisms
- Bbecause conditions have to be just right in order to preserve fossils
- Cbecause wind and rain can erode fossils from the substrate
- Dbecause rock-bearing fossils can be difficult to access
26Define adaptive radiation
- AThe study of the distribution of species across space (geography) and time
- BWholesale transformation of a lineage from one form to another. In macroevolutionary studies, this process is considered to be an alternative to lineage splitting or speciation
- CEvolutionary lineages that have undergone exceptionally rapid diversification into a variety of lifestyles or ecological niches
27Define anagenesis
- AThe study of the distribution of species across space (geography) and time
- BWholesale transformation of a lineage from one form to another. In macroevoutionary studies, this process is considered to be an alternative to lineage splitting or speciation
- CEvolutionary lineages that have undergone exceptionally rapid diversification into a variety of lifestyles or ecological niches
28Define background extinction
- AThe normal rate of extinction for a taxon or biota
- BA model of evolution that proposes that most species undergo relatively little change for most of their geologic history. These periods of stasis are punctuated by brief periods of rapid morphological change, often associated with speciation events
- CEvolution occurring within populations, including adaptive and neutral changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next
29Define biogeography
- Athe study of the distribution of species across space (geography) and time
- BWholesale transformation of a lineage from one form to another. In macroevolutionary studies, this process is considered to be an alternative to lineage splitting or speciation
- CEvolutionary lineages that have undergone exceptionally rapid diversification into a variety of lifestyles or ecological niches
30Define dispersal
- AThe formation of geographic barriers to dispersal and gene flow, resulting in the separation of once continuously distributed populations
- BThe disappearance (extinction) of some species and their replacement by others (origination) in studies of macroevolution. This rate is the number of species eliminated and replaced per unit of time
- CThe movement of populations from one geographic region to another with very limited return exchange, or none at all
31Define macroevolution
- AEvolution occurring above the species level, including the origination, diversification, and extinction of species over long periods of evolutionary time
- BA statistically significant departure from background extinction rates that results in a substantial loss of taxonomic diversity
- CThe number of species (or other taxonomic unit) present in a particular area at a given time
32Define mass extinction
- AEvolution occurring above the species level, including the origination, diversification, and extinction of species over long periods of evolutionary time
- BA statistically significant departure from background extinction rates that results in a substantial loss of taxonomic diversity
- CThe number of species (or other taxonomic units) present in a particular area at a given time
33Define microevolution
- AThe normal rate of extinction for a taxon or biota
- BA model of evolution that proposes that most species undergo relatively little change for most of their geologic history. These periods of stasis are punctuated by brief periods of rapid morphological change, often associated with speciation events
- CEvolution occurring within populations, including adaptive and neutral changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next
34Define punctuated equilibria
- AThe normal rate of extinction for a taxon or biota
- BA model of evolution that proposes that most species undergo relatively little change for most of their geologic history. These periods of stasis are punctuated by brief periods of rapid morphological change, often associated with speciation events
- CEvolution occurring within populations, including adaptive and neutral changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next
35Define standing diversity
- AEvolution occurring above the species level, including the origination, diversification, and extinction of species over long periods of evolutionary time
- BA statistically significant departure from background extinction rates that results in a substantial loss of taxonomic diversity
- CThe number of species (or other taxonomic unit) present in a particular area at a given time
36Define turnover
- AThe formation of geographic barriers to dispersal and gene flow, resulting in the separation of once continuously distributed populations
- BThe disappearance (extinction) of some species and their replacement by others (origination) in studies of macroevolution. This rate is the number of species eliminated and replaced per unit of time
- CThe movement of populations from one geographic region to another with very limited return exchange, or none at all
37Define vicariance
- AThe formation of geographic barriers to dispersal and gene flow, resulting in the separation of once continuously distributed populations
- BThe disappearance (extinction) of some species and their replacement by others (origination) in studies of macroevolution. This rate is the number of species eliminated and replaced per unit of time
- CThe movement of populations from one geographic region to another with very limited return exchange, or none at all
38What is a turnover rate?
- Athe number of origins and extinctions in a given interval of time
- Bthe number of species present in a particular area at a given time
- Calpha minus omega divided by alpha
- Dorigination's minus extinctions
- Eextinctions minus origination's
39Which of the following statements about biogeography is FALSE?
- Abiogeography is study of the distribution of species across space and time
- BAlfred Russel Wallace was responsible for many early ideas about biogeography
- CDarwin did not believe in vicariance
- Dthe discovery of place tectonics provided a new line of evidence for patterns in biogeography
40Studying the Earth's biodiversity over time is not a straightforward scientific process. Which of the following is NOT a problem for macroevolutinary studies?
- Afossil-bearing rocks differ in area and volume exposed masking complex geographical patterns of biodiversity
- Bpatterns observed in the fossil record cannot be tested using statistical methods
- Cgroups in the fossil record used to study species diversity over time may not be monophyletic
- Dscientists often must use taxonomic units other than species, and these higher-order taxa are not necessarily comparable
- Eall of the above are problems for macroevolutionary studies
41Punctuated equilibria is a hypothesis about the evolution of species. According to this hypothesis, why should macroevolutionary biologists expect abrupt breaks in the fossil record?
- Abecause the process that form fossils are inconsistent through time, so there will always be gaps in the record
- Bbecause significant changes in phenotypes may occur within small isolated populations on the fringes of a species' range, leading to rapid speciation and little fossil evidence
- Cbecause speices are defined as substantial morphological shifts within the fossil record
- Dmacroevolutionary biologists should not expect abrupt breaks in the fossil record, because entire populations transform from one form to another in a process called anagenesis
- Emacroevolutionary biologists should not expect abrupt breaks in the fossil record. They should expect to find enough fossils to demonstrate a smooth transition from one species to another over time
42What key innovation led to an adaptive radiation of insects?
- Aevolution of flowering plants
- Bjointed exoskeletons
- Cwings
- Dcomplex eyes
- Epredators that changed the fitness landscape
43Which of the following statements about the Cambrian Explosion is FALSE?
- Achanging oxygen levels in the Earth's oceans may have created ecological opportunities that organisms were able to exploit
- Bthe emergence of the genetic toolkit may have allowed the evolution of new developmental pathways leading to a diversity of body forms
- Cthe Cambrian Explosion was not really an explosion because the complex body plans of animal taxa evolved from precursors -- they did not simply appear
- Dthe sudden appearance of sponges marks the beginning of the Cambrian Explosion
- EMolecular clocks indicate that the common ancestor of all animals lived about 800 million years ago
44How are mass extinctions defined?
- Aas a statistical departure from background extinction rates
- Bas any large number of species that disappears at a point in the stratigraphic column
- Cas the extinction of many species in a short period of time
- Das the extinction of many species in a short period of time minus Lazarus, Elvis, and Zombie taxa
45Why do scientists argue that climate change may be leading to a mass extinction (Figure 14.21)?
- Abecause according to models incorporating a variety of scenarios, projected temperatures could rise 2-3 times temperatures observed in 2000
- Bbecause four of the big five mass extinctions were related to climate changes
- Cbecause the average temperature has increased by 0.8 in the last 80 years
- Dbecause although carbon dioxide concentrations clearly cycle, in the last 100 years they have become 100 parts per million greater than the highest concentrations recorded for the last 600,000 years
- Eall answers are correct
46What are the key conditions necessary for the change in beak lengths in soapberry bugs across Australia?
- AGreater good resources provided by large balloon vine fruits, opportunity to feed on balloon vines, and ability to reproduce as a result of better food
- Bvariation among individuals that is heritable and leads to differential survival or reproduction
- Cneed for a food resource, and long periods of time
- Da length of association between soapberry bugs and balloon viruses similar to their native fruits
47Which of these statements about the virulence of rabbit myxoma virus is TRUE?
- ARabbit myxoma virus needed to become less virulent so it could coexist with its rabbit hosts
- BDirectional selection favored a coevolutionary escalation where resistance evolved in rabbits and less virulence evolved in the virus
- CRabbit myxoma virus became less virulent over time because natural selection favored strains that did not immediately kill the rabbit hosts, enhancing the likelihood of spreading and infecting other rabbits
- Dnone of these statements are true
- Eall of these statements are true
48What condition(s) is/are necessary for the development of both antagonistic and mutualistic coevolutionary relationships?
- Aintimate pairwise interactions with one or more species
- Bthe agents of selection that are relevant to the populations must evolve
- Cfrequency-dependent selection
49Which of the following is NOT an example of diversifying coevolution
- Arough-skinned newts with toxins that only garter snakes can tolerate
- Bants that affect the survival and dispersal of flowering plant seeds that have elaiosomes
- Cdifferent populations of a lowering plant that favor different tongue lengths of their moth pollinator
- Dpinecones that vary across regions in the thickness of their scales depending on whether squirrel predators are present or not
50If an evolutionary biologist hypothesized that a lineage of bacteria experienced a coevolutionary arms race with its hosts, what prediction(s) might she or he make about its evolutionary history?
- Athat the lineage of bacteria was older than the lineage of the host
- Bthat the lineage of the host was older than the lineage of bacteria
- Cthat natural selection was negative frequency dependent
- Dthat the patterns of speciation events of the bacteria lineage would match closely with the patterns of speciaiton events of the host lineage
51What evidence did Nancy Moran use to support her hypothesis about the evolution of the endosymbionts inside the aster leafhopper?
- Ashe compared phylogenies of the endosymbionts and their insect hosts and found the patterns of lineages were closely matched
- Bshe used fossils of sap-feeding insects with known ages to establish time frames for the endosymbiotic relationships
- Cshe compared the molecular phylogenies of two endosymbionts, Nasuia and Sulcia, and found similar patterns in their lineage
- Dshe used all of this evidence to support her hypothesis
52Why do you think different people carry slightly different versions of the same retrovirus segment in their DNA?
- Abecause after the virus invaded the human common ancestor, different versions evolved in different lineages of humans
- Bbecause the genomes for every human cell is different
- Cbecause that are almost 100,000 fragments of endogenous retroviral DNA in the human genome, and scientists can't tease them apart very easily
- Dbecause retroviruses became mobile genetics elements in the human genomes that can insert themselves anywhere in the genome
- Ebecause after the virus invaded the human common ancestor, variants that could replicate in somatic cells fared better than those that could replicate in somatic cells fared better than those that could replicate only in germ-line cells
53Which of the following statements are depicted by this phylogeny (pg 216)?
- Aotters (Lutrinae) evolved from martins (Martes group)
- Bthe ancestors of otters became gradually more "otter-like" over time
- CLiving otters represent the end of lineage of animals whose common ancestor was wolf-like
- Dotters share a common ancestor with Odobenidae (walruses)
- Eall of the above are depicted by this phylogeny
54What is a species?
- Agroups of actually (or potentially) interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
- Bthe smallest possible groups whose members are descended from a common ancestor and who all possess defining or derived characteristics that distinguish them from other such groups
- Cmetapopulations of organisms that exchange alleles frequently enough that they comprise the same gene pool, and therefore, the same evolutionary lineage
- Dall are valid definitions of a species
- Escientists don't know what a species actually is
55What is a mobile genetic element?
- Aa bacterium or viral parasite
- Ba gene with no known function
- Ctypes of DNA that can move around in the genome
- Dnoncoding sections of DNA that function in alternative splicing
56What is the definition of Batesian mimicry?
- AMutualistic organisms that live within the body or cells of another organism
- BSelection that occurs in two species, due to their interactions with one another. This process is the critical prerequisite of coevolution
- COccurs when harmless species resemble harmful or distasteful species, deriving protection from predators in the process
57What is the definition of coevolution?
- AReciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species, driven by natural selection
- BAn RNA virus that uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cells' DNA. The virus that causes AIDS, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is one type
- CAn increase in genetic diversity caused by the heterogeneity of coevolutionary processes across the range of ecological partners
58What is the definition of coevolutionary escalation or coevolutionary arms race?
- AA theory that proposes that the geographic structure of populations is central to the dynamics of coevolution. The direction and intensity of coevolution varies from population to population and coevolved genes from these populations mix together as a result of gene flow
- BThis occurs when species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other. As one species evolved to overcome the weapons of the other, it, in turn, selects for new weaponry in its opponent
- COccurs when several harmful or distasteful species resemble each other in appearance, facilitating the learned avoidance of predators
59What is the definition of diversifying coevolution?
- AReciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species, driven by natural selection
- BAn RNA virus that uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cells' DNA. The virus that causes AIDS, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is one type
- CAn increase in genetic diversity caused by the heterogeneity of coevolutionary processes across the range of ecological partners
60What is the definition of endosymbionts?
- AMutualistic organisms that live within the body or cells of another organism
- BSelection that occurs in two species, due to their interactions with one another. This process is the critical prerequisite of coevolution
- COccurs when harmless species resemble harmful or distasteful species, deriving protection from predators in the process
61What is the definition of the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution?
- AA theory that proposes that the geographic structure of populations is central to the dynamics of coevolution. The direction and intensity of coevolution varies from population to population, and coevolved genes from these populations mix together as a result of gene flow
- BOccurs when species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other. As one species evolved to overcome the weapons of the other, it, in turn, selects for new weaponry in its opponent
- COccurs when several harmful or distasteful species resemble each other in appearance, facilitating the learned avoidance of predators
62What is the definition of Mullerian mimicry?
- AA theory that proposes that the geographic structure of populations is central to the dynamics of coevolution. The direction and intensity of coevolution varies from population to population, and coevolved genes from these populations mix together as a result of gene flow
- BOccurs when species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other. As one species evolved to overcome the weapons of the other, it, in turn, selects for new weaponry in its opponent
- COccurs when several harmful or distasteful species resemble each other in appearance, facilitating the learned avoidance of predators
63What is the definition of reciprocal selection?
- Adescribes selection that occurs in two species, due to their interaction with one another. It is the clinical prerequisite of coevolution.
- BOccurs when species interact antagonistically in a way that results in each species exerting reciprocal directional selection on the other. As one species evolved to overcome the weapons of the other, it, in turn, selects for new weaponry in its opponent
- COccurs when several harmful or distasteful species resemble each other in appearance, facilitating the learned avoidance of predators
64What is the definition of retrovirus?
- AReciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species, driven by natural selection
- BAn RNA virus that uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cells' DNA. The virus that causes AIDS, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is one type.
- CAn increase in genetic diversity caused by the heterogeneity of coevolutionary processes across the range of ecological partners
65What is coevolution?
- Awhen one species needs to change because another species that it depends on changed
- Bwhen two or more species interact, and each acts as an agent of selection causing evolution of the other
- Cevolutionary changes that are shared among two or more species, such as wings
- Devolutionary changes among two or more species that are complementary, so that all species benefit
- Eall of these answers are correct
66What is the difference between positive mutualism and positive commensalism?
- Apositive mutualism occurs when the fitness outcomes for all interacting species are high; positive commensalism occurs when the fitness outcomes some species are high, but others realize no fitness concepts
- Bpositive mutualism occurs when some interacting species benefit from the relationship and others do not; positive commensalism occurs when only one of the interacting species benefits
- Cpositive mutualism leads to coevolutionary of all interacting species; positive commensalism benefits come species but it does not lead to coevolution
- Dnatural selection always favors positive mutualism because all interacting species shave higher fitness because of the relationship; it does not favor positive commensalism because only one of the interacting species has a higher fitness
- Epositive mutualism does not lead to coevolution because all the interacting species benefit from the current relationship; positive commensalism leads to coevolution because some of the interacting species benefit, so the others need to evolve to benefit as well
67According to figure 15.11, which of the following statements about newt toxicity and snake resistance?
- Aamong snake populations with low resistance do not affect the evolution of toxicity in newts
- Bsnakes with extremely high resistance do not affect the evolution of toxicity in newts
- Cwithin locations, snakes vary in their ability to resist the toxin
68How do the data pretend in Figure 15.18 support the idea that red crossbills may be diversifying as a result of their coevolutionary arms race with pine trees?
- Afigure 15.18A shows trajectories of beak depth over time and the probability of survival (left) associated with feeding efficiency (right), and therefore that speciation will occur as populations with shallow bills diverge from populations with deep bills
- Bfigure 15.18A (right) and 15.18B show that fitness is greatest in both species when bill depth is slightly larger (4mm) than scale thickness so that birds with shallower or deeper bills than that optimum size will have to specialize on smaller or larger scales, and the populations will diverge
- Cfigure 15.18A (left) and 15.18C show that variation in bill depth within the population of red crossbills is less than variation within the species and these differences may lead to cladogenesis
- Dfigure 15.18C shows that within an area, scale thickness varies among pine species, and natural selection will favor different bill depths, maintaining the variation within crossbills
- Eall of these statements are true
69What did Sandra Anderson and her colleagues demonstrate by manually pollinating the flowers of the native Rhadbothamnus solandri on mainland New Zeeland?
- Athat mainland flowers could produce more fruit than island flowers
- Bthat mainland flower was not naturally producing much fruit, even though they were capable of producing much more
- Cthat within island populations, Rhabdothamnus solandri flowers were producing fruit at near maximum levels
- Dthat the diversity of pollinators was higher on the mainland
- Eall of these are true statements
70If an evolutionary biologist hypothesized that a lineage of bacteria evolved because of a coevolutionary arms race with its hosts, what prediction(s) might s/he make about their evolutionary history?
- Athat the lineage of bacteria was older than the lineage of the host
- Bthat the lineage of the host was older than the lineage of bacteria
- Cthat natural selection was negative frequency-dependent
- Dthat the patterns of speciation events of the bacteria lineage would match closely with the patterns of speciation events of the host lineage
71How certain are scientists about the origin of mitochondria?
- Anot very certain. Scientists are still gathering evidence for the beginning of the coevolutionary relationship.
- BNot very certain. Scientists have not been able to compare the phylogenies of all eukaryotes with the lineage of SAR11, so they cannot draw any conclusions about the beginning of the coevolutionary relationship
- Cfairly certain. scientists use the weight of evidence to support or refute hypotheses, and the current evidence supports an origin early in the evolution of eukaryotes
- Dfairly certain. substantial evidence supports the hypothesis that mitochondria were once free-living, oxygen-consuming bacteria, but they are still gathering evidence for the beginning of the coevolutionary relationship
72What is a retrovirus?
- Aa virus that is fairly old
- Ban RNA virus that uses an enzyme to become part of the host cells' DNA
- Ca virus that has been resurrected from extrication
- Da virus that only replicates using DNA
73Which of the following statements about natural selection is FALSE?
- Athe strength and the direction of natural selection can vary across space
- Bthe strength and the direction of natural selection can change over time
- Cthe strength and the direction of natural selection can vary among species within a coevolutionary relationship
- Dnatural selection does not vary in strength or direction
- Enone of the above is a false statement about natural selection
74Mullerian mimicry can be considered:
- Aconvergent evolution
- Bcoevolution
- Cspeciation
75Rapid extinction of a group of species can result when:
- Aspecies are in antagonistic coevolutionary relationships
- Balleles are swept to fixation
- Cspecies are in mutualistic coevolutionary relationships
- Dselection favors highly virulent strains of a virus
- Enone of the above
Informações
- Descrição
- chapters 9, 14, 15, 16
- Autor
- Jo O'Bar
- Idioma
- English
- Visualizações
- 73
- Etiquetas
- Avaliação
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