Chapter 22 and 23 Study

Wilson's Policies towards Latin America

• United States had a moral duty to champion national self-determination, peaceful free trade, and political democracy
• Monroe Doctrine gave the U.S. special rights and responsibilities in the Western Hemisphere

Event that started WWI

• June 28, 1914: Bosnian Serb terrorist assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne
• On July 18, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
• Russia would protect Serbia
• Germany, allied with Austria-Hungary attacked Russia and France
• Great Britain declared war on Germany, upholding its pact with France
• Became a world war when Japan joined the cause against Germany, seeing it as an opportunity to rid itself of European competition in China

Wilson’s response to start of WWI

• Woodrow Wilson said that because the war engaged no vital American interest and involved no significant principle, the U.S. would stay neutral

Wilson’s explanation of neutrality

• Neutrality entitled the US to trade safely with all the nations at war
• Unfettered trade was not only a right under international law but also a necessity because the U.S. economy had slipped into a recession that wartime disruption of European trade could drastically worsen
• Feared the conflict’s effects on the United States as a nation of immigrants

Reason Wilson allowed loans

• “Loans by American bankers to any foreign government which is at war are inconsistent with the true spirit of neutrality”

Event that led Wilson to declaring war

• German submarines sank five American vessels off Britain, killing 66 Americans

America’s goal in the war

• To make the world safe for democracy

Selective Service Act of 1917

• Authorized a draft of all young men into the armed forces
• Draft boards eventually inducted 2.8 million men in addition to the 2 million volunteers

369th Regiment of the 92nd Division

• Mainly African Americans with some Puerto Ricans
• Suffered the most losses of any regiment
• 1st African American regiment to serve w/ the American Expeditionary Forces during WW1

Steps Wilson took to ensure loyalty...

• ​​​​​​...of an immigrant nation to the cause of the war
• Launched a campaign to foster patriotism

Way Wilson demonstrated his...

• ...progressive credentials when the United States entered the war
• Created new agencies to manage the war effort
• Headed the Food Administration
• Campaigns for Meatless Mondays and Wheatless Wednesdays
• America supplied the needs of U.S. citizens and armed forces and became breadbasket of America’s allies

National War Labor Policies Board

• Enacted the eight-hour day, a living minimum wage, and collective bargaining rights in some industries

Impact of the labor shortage...

• ...on the mobilization of troops
• Tens of thousands of women found work in defense plants as welders, metalworkers, and heavy machine operators and with the railroads
• Other women found white collar work

Effects of the war on the temperance...

• ...movement
• Shutting down distilleries would save millions of bushels of grain that could feed the United States and its allies
• Many breweries had German names
• Passed the Eighteenth Amendment which banned the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol

Event that spurred the granting of...

• ...suffrage to all women in 1920
• Barriers against hiring women fell when millions of workingmen became soldiers and few new immigrant workers crossed the Atlantic
• Women found work in defense plants as welders, metalworkers, and heavy machine operators and with the railroads
• After 1910, suffrage leaders added a federal campaign to amend the Constitution to the traditional state-by-state strategy for suffrage
• By linking their cause to the wartime emphasis on national unity, the advocates of woman suffrage finally triumphed
• Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment, granting the vote for women

Committee on Public Information

• Made to suppress criticism of the war
• George Creel (journalist) sent “Four-Minute Men”, a squad of 75,000 volunteers around the country to give brief pep talks that celebrated successes on the battlefields and in the factories as well as using propaganda

Espionage Act, Trading with the Enemy...

• ...Act, Sedition Act
• Gave the government sweeping powers to punish any opinion or activity it considered “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive.”

Fourteen Points

• Wilson’s ideas for a new democratic world order
• First 5 points:
• End to secret treaties, freedom of the seas, removal of economic barriers to free trade, reduction of weapons of war, and recognition of the rights of colonized peoples
• Next 8 points:
• Supported the right to self-determination of European peoples who had been dominated by Germany or its allies
• 14th point:
• Called for “general association of nations” (League of Nations) to provide “mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike”

Allies hopes for negotiating peace treaty

• Wanted to fasten blame for the war on Germany, totally disarm it, and make it pay dearly so that it would never threaten its neighbors again

Way 14 Points were included in the...

• ...Treaty of Versailles
• A League of Nations was included
• Without Wilson, the treaty would have been more vindictive

Reason Lodge opposed Treaty of Versailles

• Lodge expected the United States’ economic and military power to propel the nation into a major role in world affairs
• League of Nations would require collective action to maintain peace which threatened the nation’s independence in foreign relations

Outcome of the return to free enterprise..

• America wanted to demobilize swiftly
• Unemployed veterans returning home, a stalled economy, and leftover wartime patriotism
• Consumers went on spending spree, increasing inflation while soldiers flooded the job market
• Businesses turned against the 8 hour day and attacked labor unions
• Strikes because inflation was eating up workers’ paychecks

Red Scare of 1919 and 1920

• Widespread fear of internal subversion and Communist revolution that swept the United States in 1919 and resulted in suppression of dissent
• Labor unrest, postwar recession, the difficult peacetime readjustment, and the Soviet establishment of the Comintern all contributed to the scare

Schenck v. United States

• 1919 Supreme Court decision that established a “clear and present danger” test for restricting free speech
• Court upheld the conviction of socialist Charles Schenck for urging resistance to the draft during wartime

Reason African-Americans left the South

• Nine out of every ten blacks lived in the South where poverty, disfranchisement, segregation, and violence dominated their lives
• The First World War allowed for jobs to open up in the North, and black men found work in northern steel mills, shipyards, munitions plants, railroad yards, automobile factories, and mines

Harding’s call for “normalcy”

• “Normal procedure, the natural way, without excess”

Article 10 of the League of Nations Charter

• Called for assistance to be given to a member that experiences external aggression

Four causes of WWI

• Militarism and arms race
• Armies and navies greatly expand
• ALliance System
• Imperialism
• Nationalism
• (CHECK NOTES)

Triple Alliance

• Germany, Austria Hungary, Italy

Triple Entente

• Great Britain, France, Russia
• Counteract the Triple Alliance

Five reasons for U.S. entry into WWI

• Lusitania
• American newspapers cry for war
• Germany deciding that they would resume unrestricted warfare and sink any ship found in the waters of Great Britain
• Germany’s telegram to Mexico that they should declare war against the US
• German submarines sinking five American vessels

Central Powers

• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Allies (Start of the war)

• Great Britain and colonies, France, Russia

Five provisions of the Treaty of Versailles

• French demanded retribution in the form of territory containing Germany’s richest mineral resource
• War guilt assigned to Germany, as well as $33 billion in damages
• Redrew the map of Europe and parts of the rest of the world
• Mandate system rejected imperialism but allowed Allies to maintain control
• League of Nations

EXACT Date, Time, and Year of the...

• ...German surrender
• May 7, 1945, 11 am

Schlieffen Plan

• Take over France within 6 weeks so they don’t have to fight Russia at the same time
• Go around French troops and surround France
• Plan worked too well
• Supply lines became too long bc they were too far away from Germany
• Most German generals stayed in Germany so they couldn’t command troops

Characterized Harding’s administration

• “Return to normalcy”, Teapot Dome

Included in Coolidge’s economic policy

• extended Harding’s policies of promoting business and limiting government

Most important American industry in...

• ...the 1920s
• The automobile industry

“Welfare capitalism”

• Industrial programs for workers that became popular in the 1920s
• Some businesses improved safety and sanitation inside factories
• Also instituted paid vacations and pension plans
• Encouraged loyalty to companies and discouraged independent labor unions

New industry that linked the possession...

• ...of material goods to the fulfillment of spiritual and emotional needs
• Advertising

Diluted the influence of women in politics

• Male dominance of both political parties, the rarity of female candidates, lack of experience in voting (especially among recent immigrants) kept women away from the polls
• In the South, poll taxes, literacy tests, and terrorism decimated African American men and women
• Male run election machines disfranchised women
• Feminists decided
• Some wanted women’s right to special protection
• Others wanted equal protection

Jobs of most women workers

• Secretaries, stenographers, typists, librarian, nurse, elementary school teacher, telephone operator, sales clerks

Flapper

• Had short “bobbed” hair and wore lipstick and rouge
• Spent freely on the latest styles: dresses with short skirts, drop waists, bare arms, and no petticoats and danced all night to wild jazz
• Flapper style and values spread from coast to coast through films, novels, magazines, and advertisements
• Challenged America convictions about separate spheres for women and men, the double standard of sexual conduct, and Victorian ideas of proper female appearance and behavior

Universal Negro Improvement Association

• Marcus Garvey launched the UNIA to help African Americans gain economic and political independence entirely outside white society
• In 1919 they created its own shipping company, the Black Star Line, to support the “Back to Africa” movement among black Americans

Scopes Monkey Trial

• Evolutionary theory was not allowed to be taught in schools - Butler Act
• Clarence Darrow defended Scopes, William Jennings Bryan defended Tennessee
• Scopes was found guilty but was overturned on a technicality

Way rural American viewed the cities

• Cities were filled with undesirable immigrants and Catholics, Jews, liberal protestants, and atheists an filled with vice

Sacco and Vanzetti (Outcome)

• They were executed, and fifty thousand Americans followed the caskets, mourning because they believed the men had died because they were immigrants and radicals, not because they were murderers

Ku Klux Klan

• To fight back against perceived threats posed by blacks, immigrants, radicals,feminists, Catholics, and Jews

Way Americans viewed Alfred E. Smith’s...

• ...candidacy for president in 1928
• Seemed to represent all that rural Americans feared and represented
• Child of immigrants, denounced immigration quotas, signed New York State’s anti-Klan bill, and opposed prohibition

Johnson-Reed Act

• Limited the number of immigrants to no more than 161,000 a year and established quotas for each European nation
• Revealed fear and bigotry that fueled anti-immigration legislation
• Cut immigration by 80% but squeezed in some nationalities more than others

Ideas Hoover brought to the presidency

• Urged a limited business government partnership that would manage the changes Americans were experiencing
• Brought a reform to the White House: Nation built of home and farm owners and to have their savings protected, in steady jobs, insured against death and accident, unemployment and all old age, and to be secure

Hoover’s solutions to the human problem...

• ...of the depression
• All of these failed
• Called a White House conference of business and labor leaders
• Urged them to join in a voluntary plan for recovery
• Businesses would maintain production and keep their workers on the job, labor would accept existing wages, hours, and conditions
• Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929
• Created the Farm Board
• Used its budget of $500 million to buy agricultural surpluses to hopefully raise prices
• Joined conservatives in urging protective tariffs on agricultural goods
• Hawley-Smoot tariff of 1930 established the highest rates in history

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

• Federal agency empowered to lend government funds to endangered banks and corporations
• Hoped to trickle down- pump money into the economy at the top, and in the long run, people at the bottom will benefit

Hoover’s response to Bonus Marchers

• Bonus Marchers: WW1 veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to lobby for immediate payment of the pension (“bonus”) promised them in 1924
• Herbert Hoover believed the bonuses would bankrupt the government and sent the U.S. Army to evict the veterans from the city
• Tanks destroyed the squatters’ encampments while 500 soldiers with bayonets and tear gas sent the protestors fleeing

Causes of the Great Depression

• CHECK THE NOTES