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Flashcards

Marine Pollution Exam 2 - CH 4

Abby Bickle Environmental Studies Inglês 35 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (35)

  1. 1Osmoregulationability of an organism to control the concentrations of solutes and ions in the body fluids
  2. 2most sensitive species to osmoregulationThose that migrate between salt and freshwater environments + those in estuaries
  3. 3Excretionelimination of metabolic wastes; related to osmoregulation, but compounded by other factors (e.g. eating, etc.)
  4. 4Osmoconformerinternal ion concentration equal to environment
  5. 5Osmoregulatorinternal ions differ from environment; regulation required
  6. 6HyperosmoticSide of a membrane with more ions (e.g. hyperosmotic cell has more ions than solution it is in)
  7. 7Hypoosmoticside of membrane with fewer ions (e.g. hypoosmotic cell has fewer ions than solution it is in)
  8. 8Isosmotic pointpoint at which ion concentrations are equal on both sides of a membrane
  9. 9Sodium-Potassium ATP-ase and Carbonic Anhydraseenzymes that facilitate osmoregulation; Na+ K+ ATPase maintains gradients for salt movements in intestines and gills; CAH involved in hydration of CO2 to H+ and HCO3-
  10. 10Osmoregulatory capacitydifference between osmotic pressure of hemolymph and of external medium at a given salinity
  11. 11O:N ratioamount of oxygen consumed vs. Nitrogen excreted; high = lipid dominated metabolism; low = protein dominated metabolism
  12. 12Major effects of pollution on osmoregulationchange in structure of gills/excretory organs (inhibiting osmoregulation and excretion); inhibition of ATP-ase and CAH; alteration of ion channels and pumps
  13. 13Effects of Metals on Crustacean osmoreg/excretionmetal uptake reduced at isosmotic point, so changes in concentration = more metal uptake; metal = more toxic in lower salinity because it is more bioavailable; reduce or inhibit ATPase/CA, inhibiting osmoregulation + acid/base reg. alters amount of ammonia excreted (incr. or decr.) depending on organism and compound
  14. 14Effects of Metals on Mollusk osmoreg/excretiondecr. osmoregulatory effeciency; reduces ion conc. in hemolymph;
    general decrease in ammonia production/o2 consumption (occasional increase)
  15. 15Effects of Metals on Fish osmoreg/excretioncan accumulate in gills + cause structural change -> change in osmoreg.;
    change of ATPase (impairment or increase)
  16. 16Effects of Metals on Other Taxa osmoreg/excretionedema/curled posture (polychaetes);
    incr. of ions in coelomic fluid; decrease in O2 consumption
  17. 17Effects of Organics on Crustacean Osmoreg/excretionInhibition of ATPase + osmoregulatory ability;
    decreased ammonia excretion;
    loss of ability to maintain hyperosmolarity; alterations in ion balance
  18. 18Effects of Organics on Mollusk Osmoreg/excretionGeneral reduction of ammonia excretion (reduced food intake);
    sometimes, increase in excretion to facilitate toxic compound elimination
  19. 19Effects of Organics on Fish Osmoreg/ExcretionInhibition of ATP-ase;
    Damage/structural change to gills;
    Altered osmoregulation ability, leading to altered balance of ions;
    Alteration in hormone function
  20. 20Effects of Hypoxia on Crustacean Osmoreg/excretionHypoxia + low salinity -> disrupted osmoregulation, decreasing ion levels in hemolymph;
    decreases in metabolic rate = decreases in ammonia excretion
  21. 21Effects of Hypoxia on Fish osmoreg/excretionAlteration of ventilation
    Altered ion concentration due to respiratory changes
    Reduced food intake/growth = lower excretion and oxygen consumption
  22. 22Effects of Polluted Sites on Crustacean Osmoreg/excretionAdaptation to pollutants observed
  23. 23Effects of polluted site on Mollusk Osmoreg/excretionIf any, reduced O:N (high resistance)
  24. 24Effects of polluted sites on fish Osmoreg/excretionDamage to gills, leading to alteration in osmoregulation and gas exchange
  25. 25Effects of Climate change/Acidification on Crustacean Osmoreg/excretionDisruption of ion and acid/base regulation
    Elevated concentration of CO2 in hemolymph
  26. 26Effect of Climate change/acidification of mollusk osmoreg/excretionincreased absorption efficiency and ammonium excretion (tolerance)
  27. 27Effect on Climate change/acidification on Fish osmoreg/excretionlow pH may not have adverse effects on ammonia-excreting organisms, because low pH correlates with higher ammonia excretion; high levels of ionoregulatory stress; increased ammonia excretion
  28. 28Effects of Climate change/acidification on Other Taxa Osmoreg/ExcretionDecreased O:N ratio, increased ammonia excretion, high levels of acid in body (Acidosis)
  29. 29Effects of Contaminants of emerging concern on fish Osmoreg/excretionDecreased, reduced, inhibited ATPase (hormones);
    Impaired osmoregulation due to decrease in ionocytes, death (UVB radiation);
    Increased urea excretion (antidepressants)
  30. 30Overall effects on Osmoreg/ExcretionOsmoregulation typically depressed by a wide range of contaminants; Excretion can be either depressed or enhanced, depending on many factors (organism, contaminant, time, salinity, food intake, etc.); Increased ammonia excretion = increased protein catabolism (response to many contaminants), decreased excretion = decreased food intake
  31. 31Overall effects on crustaceansdeleterious effects on: ion balance, acid/base regulation, gill function/structure, ion pump/channel function, ATP-ase activity, osmolality of hemolymph, osmoregulatory capacity, Overall osmoregulatory ability (maintenance of hypo- or hyper-osmoregulation, ability to maintain ions in cells), ammonia excretion, metabolic rate
  32. 32Overall effects on MollusksDeleterious effects on:
    osmoregulatory efficiency;
    ion concentration in hemolymph;
    ammonia excretion;
    oxygen consumption;
    Feeding;
    O:N ratio
  33. 33Overall effects on FishDeleterious effects on: gill tissue/structure, ATPase activity, ion concentrations/balance, Osmolality, survival in saltwater, pH balance, CAH activity, ammonia excretion, hormone function, O:N ratio (due to Ventilation, Respiration, Feeding, and growth alterations), Ionoregulatory stress (leading to death), Ionocytes, urea excretion, survival
  34. 34Overall effects on Other TaxaPolychaetes:
    edema/curled posture
    O2 consumption
    ion balance
    Echinoderms:
    Ion/pH balance (Acidosis)
  35. 35Examples of Resistance/hormesisCrustaceans: Mangrove crabs in polluted environments adapt -> incr ability for osmoregulation + higher ATP-ase activity
    Mollusks: incr excr to flush toxic compounds; Periwinkles resistant to sites polluted w/ oil + copper; Mediterranean mussels incr. absorption efficiency and ammonium excretion under lowered pH
    Fish: Tilapia in arsenic -> incr in ATPase activity, plasma osmolality, and cell development; Ammonia excretion may counteract effects of acidification

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Environmental Studies FlashCards sobre Marine Pollution Exam 2 - CH 4, criado por Abby Bickle em 31-10-2018.
Criado por
Abby Bickle
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