Flashcards
Lesson 3
Flashcards do conjunto (39)
- 1Modern Cell TheoryAll organisms are composed of cells and cell products (the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of the organism)
Cells come only from preexisting Cells
All organism's structure and functions are due to the activities of its cells - 2Cell (Plasma) MembraneLipid bi-layer with proteins; semi-permeable barrier (water and gasses); regulates mvmt of materials in and out of cell; maintains integrity of the cell
- 3Glycocalyxunique fuzzy coat on the plasma membrane; unique in everyone but identical twins
Functions: protection; immunity to infection; defense against cancer; transplant compatibility; fertilization; embryonic development - 4MicrovilliExtensions of membrane; increase cell's surface area (esp. in cells that are specialized in absorption); in the intestine they are close-packed and appear as fringe (brush)
- 5Nucleuscontrols cell processes (i.e. cell metabolism); contains genetic information that provides instructions for protein synthesis; largest organelle; surrounded by nuclear envelope; contains nucleoplasm (chromatin and nucleoli)
- 6Nucleolibodies in the nucleus where ribosome subunits are assembled
- 7Chromatinthin, threadlike bumpy material; composed mainly of DNA (with histone proteins); found in nucleus when the cell is not dividing
- 8Cytoplasmmaterial between plasma membrane and the nucleus
- 9Cystolthick, translucent "gel-like" fluid with dissolved protein, salts, sugars, and other solutes in which the organelles are suspended
- 10Inclusionschemical substances such as glycogen granules and pigment
- 11Mitochondria"Power house" of the cell; hold the enzymes for the aerobic part of cell respir; important site of ATP production; # varies frm cell to cell dpndng on the energy required of the cell; double membrane structure w/ shelf-like cristae; contains their own DNA/RNA and can reproduce themselves
- 12Ribosomessmall granules made of proteins and rRNA; consists of 2 subunits fit together to resemble an acorn; non-membranous; site of protein synthesis (meeting place of mRNA and tRNA)
- 13Endoplasmic Reticulumnetwork of internal membranes that provide "containers for chemical reactions"; interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae; continuous with the nuclear membrane; involved in transport of protein and other materials within cell to Golgi apparatus; two varieties
- 14Rough Endoplasmic Reticulummembranous sacs and tubules with external surface studded with ribosomes; associated with protein synthesis (manufactures all secreted proteins); responsible for the synthesis of integral membrane proteins (proteins bound for transport to Golgi apparatus)
- 15Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulummembranous sacs and tubules free of ribosomes; involved in lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, detoxification, conversion of glycogen to glucose
- 16Golgi Apparatusthe "traffic director" of the cell; packaging and shipping station; stack of membranous sacs and associated vesicles (looks like dinner plates); functions in processing, sorting, packaging and secretion of molecules (proteins) out of cells
- 17Lysosomepackaged by Golgi apparatus; "cell stomach"; membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes; digestion of foreign substances and of tissue debris; enzymes not produced here just packaged
- 18Peroxisomessimilar in shape to lysosomes, but are smaller and contain enzymes that use oxygen to oxidize (break down) organic substances
- 19Microtubulescylindrical structures of tubulin proteins; form cytoskeleton-support and shape the cell; form mitotic spindle and centrioles involved in movement and cilia and flagella; involved in transport in axons
- 20Cytoskeletonthe "skeleton" of the cell; supports cellular structures and generates cell movements; consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
- 21Centriolessmall organelles located near the nucleus; pair of cylinders each made of nine triplets of microtubules; assist in the formation of the mitotic spindle and help distribute chromosome to the new cells during cell division
- 22Ciliamade of microtubules; extensions of plasma membrane that beat to move substances across the cells;
- 23Flagellatail of the sperm; whip-like structure; long, stiffened by coarse fiber that support the tail; movement is wavy
- 24Goblet Cellssecrete mucus; found interspersed among the columnar and pseudostratified epithelial of the respiratory and GI tracts
- 25Endothelium"inner covering"; simple squamous epithelium; forms lining of blood and lymph vessels and heart; slick; friction-reducing
- 26Mesothelium"Middle covering"; simple squamous epithelium; lines ventral body cavities and covers internal organs; forms "serous membranes" produces thin watery fluid
- 27Glandular Epitheliumcomposed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids; one or more of these constitute a gland (exocrine and endocrine)
- 28Exocrine Glandssecrete their product onto body surfaces (internal and external)
i.e. mucus, sweat, oil, salivary glands, liver (bile), pancreas - 29Endocrine Glandsductless glands; secrete hormones directly into tissue fluids;
i.e. pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas and gonads - 30Basement Membranereinforces the epithelial sheet, resists stretching and tearing; consists of two layers (basal lamina and reticular lamina)
- 31Basal Laminathin sheet deep to basal surface of epithelium; non cellular, adhesive sheet of glycoproteins; filters substances diffusing from underlying connective tissue
- 32Reticular Laminathin layer of connective tissue deep to basal lamina; anchors epithelium to other tissues, has blood vessels to nourish it
- 33Stem Cellundifferentiated cells without specialized function that can differentiate into one or more types of mature cells
- 34Two ways that repairing of damaged tissue occurs1-replacement of dead or damaged cells by cells of the same type (regeneration)
2-replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue (fibrosis) - 35The four stages of healingBleeding, scab formation and macrophage activity, formation of granulation tissue and reconstruction, remodeling
- 36Bleedingsevered blood vessels bleed into the wound
histamine is released to dilate bvs and increase blood flow to area
blood brings antibodies, clotting proteins, blood cells - 37scab formation and macrophage activityblood clot forms connecting the edges of the cut and blocking spread of pathogens
surface of clot dries forming a scab
macrophages begin to clean out cellular debris via phagocytosis - 38formation of granulation tissue and reconstructionnew blood capillaries grow into the wound
deep to the clot granulation tissue forms
macrophages remove the clot while fibroblasts deposit new collagen to replace the clot
lasts from 3-4 days after injury to up to 2 weeks - 39remodelingepithelium regenerates, the cells migrate into the area under the scab to loosen it
the underlying connective tissue undergoes fibrosis
capillaries withdraw from fibrotic area
may last 2 years
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- Cell Biology and Histology
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- Amanda Walsh
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