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Flashcards

Chapter 18

Charity Perkins Inglês 118 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (118)

  1. 1________ includes all the activities in selling goods or services directly to final consumers for personal, non-business use. A) Wholesaling B) Retailing C) Procurement D) Promoting E) WarehousingRetailing
  2. 2Which of the following is true for retailing? A) Manufacturers are not considered to be retailers as they are engaged in producing the product. B) Vending machines are considered to be retailing only if they are located within stores. C) Retailing deals only with goods; it does not include services. D) Selling from a consumer's home is direct selling, but not retailing. E) Wholesalers are only considered to be retailers if they are selling to final consumers.Wholesalers are only considered to be retailers if they are selling to final consumers.
  3. 3Discount stores that try to keep prices as low as possible are more likely to function using ________ operations. A) limited service B) self-selection C) full-service D) self-service E) limited-selectionself-service
  4. 4Reynold's is a grocery chain that has always catered to mid-market customers. However, the owner, Mal, has noticed that an influx of new residents are buying mostly the lower-cost and discounted products. To attract customers, Mal decides to make a gradual switch to the discount store format, but to do this, he will have to cut costs wherever possible. Which of the following types of services should Mal avoid in order to lower costs? A) limited service B) self-selection C) full-service D) self-service E) limited-selectionfull-service
  5. 5A large staff, along with a higher proportion of specialty goods and slower-moving items and many services, are usually features of ________ retailing. A) self-service B) self-selection C) limited service D) full-service E) limited-selectionfull-service
  6. 6In ________ retailing, salespeople are ready to assist in every phase of the "locate- compare-select" process. A) self-service B) self-selection C) full-service D) limited service E) limited-selectionfull-service
  7. 7In the ________ type of retailing, customers usually find their own goods, although they can ask salespeople for assistance. A) self-service B) self-selection C) full-service D) limited service E) limited-selectionself-selection
  8. 8Which of the following is an example of a limited-service retailer? A) Customers at TAB pick out the products they want and pay at the checkout counter. B) Salespeople at Eli are always on hand to offer shoppers advice and assistance in choosing products. C) Mina's allows customers to checkout their own purchases in order to reduce the staff count. D) As CLO's offers a number of merchandise-return privileges, customers need information and assistance while shopping. E) Alison's stocks a number of specialty products and the store's salespeople generally help shoppers with all their needs.As CLO's offers a number of merchandise-return privileges, customers need information and assistance while shopping.
  9. 9Bill and Josh are considering opening a retail store. They have identified their target market and location and are finalizing the details of the merchandise they will carry. Since the neighborhood is rundown and the customers in the area are very price-conscious, Bill and Josh want to offer goods from well-known brands, but at lower rates than the full retail prices of the products. They choose to stock excess production from manufacturers or goods that have remained unsold at other retailers. This is a description of a(n) ________ retailer. A) off-price B) specialty C) discount D) department E) catalogoff-price
  10. 10H&A is a retail chain that specializes in selling goods at very low prices. To achieve this, it stocks a very narrow assortment of basic necessities and offers customers a "no-frills" shopping experience. H&A is an example of a(n) ________ store. A) off-price B) specialty C) hard-discount D) superstore E) conveniencehard-discount
  11. 11An example of a restaurant with a narrow and deep assortment is a ________. A) small lunch counter B) cafeteria C) large restaurant D) casual dining restaurant chain E) delicatessendelicatessen
  12. 12E&OE produces and markets its own brand of skincare products using herbal remedies and natural ingredients through standalone stores as well as an online portal. E&OE is a(n) ________ retailer. A) off-price B) specialty C) discount D) department E) extreme valuespecialty
  13. 13A factory outlet is an example of a(n) ________ retailer. A) off-price B) specialty C) discount D) department E) catalogoff-price
  14. 14Avon, Tupperware, and Southwestern Company of Nashville are among companies in the multibillion-dollar ________ industry, which involves selling door- to-door or at home sales parties. A) direct marketing B) catalog showroom C) direct selling D) automatic vending E) buying servicesdirect selling
  15. 15Companies that sell products door-to-door or at home sales parties are engaging in ________. A) franchising B) network marketing C) direct-response marketing D) corporate selling E) direct marketingnetwork marketing
  16. 16Which of the following is an example of direct selling? A) E&OE sells its herbal skincare products exclusively through its standalone stores. B) TCJ is a telemarketing firm that sells products from a number of different suppliers. C) Jayne's sells most of its products to customers through home sales parties. D) J3 is an online shopping portal where customers can buy directly from manufacturers. E) Reynold's tries to minimize its staff costs by installing vending machines in its stores.Jayne's sells most of its products to customers through home sales parties.
  17. 17Which of the following is an example of direct marketing? A) E&OE sells its herbal skincare products exclusively through its standalone stores. B) TCJ is a telemarketing firm that sells products from a number of different suppliers. C) Jayne's sells most of its products to customers through home sales parties. D) J3 is a storeless retailer that organizes the retail activity of the employees of four firms. E) Reynold's tries to minimize its staff costs by installing vending machines in its stores.TCJ is a telemarketing firm that sells products from a number of different suppliers.
  18. 18The ________ marketing sales system works by recruiting independent businesspeople who act as distributors. A) catalog B) multilevel (EEEEEEK) C) direct-response D) corporate E) directmultilevel
  19. 19In ________, a salesperson goes to the home of a host who has invited friends, demonstrates the products, and takes orders. A) catalog marketing B) franchising C) direct-response selling D) network marketing E) direct marketingnetwork marketing
  20. 20Telemarketing is a type of ________. A) direct selling B) network marketing C) multilevel selling D) close-range marketing E) direct marketingdirect marketing
  21. 21Electronic shopping is a type of ________. A) direct selling B) network marketing C) multilevel selling D) corporate selling E) direct marketingdirect marketing
  22. 22A(n) ________ is a storeless retailer serving a specific clientele — usually employees of large organizations — who are authorized to buy from a list of retailers that have agreed to give discounts in return for inclusion on the list. A) direct-selling vendor B) direct marketing vendor C) buying service D) automatic vendor E) corporate retailerbuying service
  23. 23An independent retailer using a central buying organization and joint promotion efforts with other retailers is part of a ________. A) corporate chain store B) voluntary chain C) retailer cooperative D) merchandising conglomerate E) franchise organizationretailer cooperative
  24. 24A ________ is a retail firm owned by its customers. Members contribute money to open their own store, vote on its policies, elect a group to manage it, and receive dividends. A) retailer cooperative B) voluntary chain C) consumer cooperative D) merchandising conglomerate E) franchise organizationconsumer cooperative
  25. 25A ________ is a wholesaler-sponsored group of independent retailers engaged in bulk buying and common merchandising. A) retailer cooperative B) voluntary chain C) consumer cooperative D) merchandising conglomerate E) franchise organizationvoluntary chain
  26. 26Which of the following is true for franchisors? A) The franchisor has to pay the franchisee to be part of the franchise system. B) The franchisor licenses the trademark from the franchisee. C) The franchisor must change its operations to suit those of the franchisee. D) The franchisor collects royalty payments from the franchisee. E) The franchisor pays startup costs for the franchisee.The franchisor collects royalty payments from the franchisee.
  27. 27Which of the following is true for franchisees? A) The franchisee is paid by the franchisor to be part of the franchise system. B) The franchisee licenses a trademark to the franchisor. C) The franchisee must change its operations to suit those of the franchisor. D) The franchisee collects royalty payments from the franchisor. E) The franchisee owns the trade or service mark.The franchisee must change its operations to suit those of the franchisor.
  28. 28Which of the following is a benefit of franchising for franchisees? A) The franchisee finds it easier to borrow money from financial institutions. B) The franchisee receives ownership of the franchisor's trademark. C) The franchisee must change its operations to suit those of the franchisor. D) The franchisee collects royalty payments from the franchisor. E) The franchisee is paid by the franchisor for being part of the system.The franchisee finds it easier to borrow money from financial institutions.
  29. 29Jake wants to open a Subway franchise in his small town. To do this, he must pay the company a ________ fee. A) slotting B) title C) royalty D) merchandising E) residualroyalty
  30. 30Which of the following wholesaler functions reduces inventory costs and risks to suppliers and customers? A) selling and promoting B) warehousing C) transportation D) market information E) assortment buildingwarehousing
  31. 31________ includes all the activities in selling goods or services to those who buy for resale or business use. A) Retailing B) Wholesaling C) Procurement D) Promoting E) WarehousingWholesaling
  32. 32Retailing includes all the activities involved in selling goods or services directly to final consumers.TRUE
  33. 33Full-service retailers generally have the lowest costs of all retail types.FALSE
  34. 34Discount stores usually stock leftover goods, overruns, and irregular merchandise, sold at less than retail.FALSE
  35. 35The network marketing sales system works by recruiting independent businesspeople who act as distributors.TRUE
  36. 36Electronic shopping is a form of direct marketing.TRUE
  37. 37A superstore is a storeless retailer serving a specific clientele who are entitled to buy from a list of retailers that have agreed to give discounts in return for membership.FALSE
  38. 38A retailer cooperative is a retail firm that is owned by its customers.FALSE
  39. 39A franchise organization is a corporate retail organization.TRUE
  40. 40Gap and Pottery Barn are examples of franchise organizations, where two or more retail outlets are owned and controlled by a corporation that employs central buying and merchandising and sells similar lines of merchandise.FALSE
  41. 41The franchisor owns a trade or service mark and licenses it to franchisees in return for royalty payments.TRUE
  42. 42Corporate chain stores such as Subway, Jiffy-Lube, Holiday Inn, Supercuts, and 7-Eleven account for $1 trillion of annual US sales and 40 percent of all retail transactions.FALSE
  43. 43Which of the following is true for the retail industry? A) Discount stores and catalog showrooms are competing for the same customers. B) Upscale retailers see a decline in sales as middle-market retailers thrive. C) Small, specialized retailers are crowding out larger, more diverse retailers. D) Store retailing sees no competition from nonstore retailing. E) Discount stores are not doing as well as middle-market retailers.Discount stores and catalog showrooms are competing for the same customers.
  44. 44Electronic shelf labeling allows retailers to ________. A) check inventory levels instantaneously B) order electronically from suppliers C) run continual promotional messages D) advertise sales and special offers E) change price levels instantaneouslychange price levels instantaneously
  45. 45Staples is a giant retailer that concentrates on selling office supplies. Staples is an example of a(n) ________. A) ambush marketer B) supercenter C) megamarketer D) category killer E) guerilla marketercategory killer
  46. 46Which of the following is an example of a category killer? A) PETCO B) Walmart C) Kohl's D) The Limited E) TescoPETCO
  47. 47"Pop-up" stores let retailers promote brands to seasonal shoppers for a limited time.TRUE
  48. 48Department stores only face competition from other department stores as other retailing forms are not a threat to their sales and profitability.FALSE
  49. 49Consumers now receive sales offers through direct-mail letters and catalogs, television, cell phones, and the Internet. The nonstore-based retailers are taking business away from store-based retailers.TRUE
  50. 50Supercenters retail grocery items as well as a huge selection of nonfood merchandise.TRUE
  51. 51Growth in the retail market is centered firmly in the middle market, leaving luxury retailers and discounting specialists struggling.FALSE
  52. 52As discount retailers improve their quality and image, consumers have been willing to trade down.TRUE
  53. 53Electronic shelf labeling allows retailers to check inventory levels instantaneously.FALSE
  54. 54Firms are increasingly recognizing the importance of influencing consumers at the point of purchase.TRUE
  55. 55In the corporate headquarters of a supermarket chain, ________ are responsible for developing brand assortments and listening to salespersons' presentations. A) central buyers B) brokers C) specialist buyers D) agents E) specialized wholesalersspecialist buyers
  56. 56In supermarkets and other retail outlets, RFID is used to ________. A) change prices instantaneously B) check for spoilage or damage to goods C) advertise special offers and discounts D) run continual promotional messages E) monitor inventory and track goodsmonitor inventory and track goods
  57. 57Which of the following is true for direct product profitability? A) It is highly correlated with the gross margin on a product. B) It is negligible compared to the gross margin on a product. C) It bears little relation to the gross margin on a product. D) It is significantly lower than the gross margin on a product. E) It is exactly the same as the gross margin on a product.It bears little relation to the gross margin on a product.
  58. 58Mass merchandisers and discount stores typically fall into the ________ group with respect to margins and volume. A) mixed markup, high-volume B) low-volume, mixed markup C) low-volume, low-markup D) high-volume, low-markup E) high-markup, low-volumehigh-volume, low-markup
  59. 59A store selling expensive artwork and luxury goods typically falls into the ________ group with respect to margins and volume. A) mixed markup, high-volume B) low-volume, mixed markup C) low-volume, low-markup D) high-volume, low-markup E) high-markup, low-volumehigh-markup, low-volume
  60. 60Most retailers will put low prices on some items in order to increase traffic to the store. These low-priced products are known as ________. A) loss leaders B) price ceilings C) price skimmers D) price floors E) cold callsloss leaders
  61. 61American businessman King Gillette pioneered the sales model in which razor handles were given away for free or sold at a loss, but sales of disposable razor blades were very profitable. This is known as the ________ model. A) two-tiered pricing B) predatory pricing C) cross selling D) loss leading E) product churningloss leading
  62. 62Which of the following is a prepurchase service offered by retailers? A) accepting orders over the telephone B) shipping the product C) delivery to the customer's doorstep D) general information E) interior decoration of the retail outletaccepting orders over the telephone
  63. 63Which of the following is a postpurchase service offered by retailers? A) accepting orders over the telephone B) advertising and window displays C) delivery to the customer's doorstep D) general information E) interior decoration of the retail outletdelivery to the customer's doorstep
  64. 64Which of the following is an ancillary service offered by retailers? A) accepting orders over the telephone B) advertising and window displays C) delivery to the customer's doorstep D) general information E) alterations and tailoringgeneral information
  65. 65Stores are using ________ to measure a product's handling costs from the time it reaches the warehouse until a customer buys it in the retail store. A) electronic data interchange (EDI) B) direct product profitability (DPP) C) radio-frequency identification (RFID) D) global positioning systems (GPS) E) compounded annual grown rate (CAGR)direct product profitability (DPP)
  66. 66In your neighborhood there is a small men's store that has a limited selection of clothing, but the selection that is carried is of very high quality and price. Services include free alterations and tailoring, personalized recordkeeping, and free dry cleaning. Inside the store are deep leather chairs and couches and thick pile carpet. Upon entering the store, a customer feels "special and rich." In terms of differentiation, what is this retailer trying to communicate by its decorations and service level? A) differentiation based on services mix and atmosphere B) differentiation based on prepurchase services C) differentiation based on postpurchase services and atmosphere D) differentiation based on ancillary services and atmosphere E) differentiation based on prepurchase and postpurchase servicesdifferentiation based on services mix and atmosphere
  67. 67Which of the following is the strongest differentiator for brick-and-mortar stores who want to emphasize their superiority over online retailers? A) product quality B) the shopping experience C) product range D) pricing E) the retailer's reputationthe shopping experience
  68. 68Retailers can target their customers more effectively by using only a single channel to reach them.FALSE
  69. 69Featuring exclusive national brands that are not available at competing retailers is a way of generating consumer interest in a retailer.TRUE
  70. 70In order to clearly differentiate themselves from competitors, retailers must keep merchandise and prices consistent.FALSE
  71. 71The gross margin on a product bears a direct relation to the direct product profit.FALSE
  72. 72Some high-volume products may have such high handling costs that they are less profitable and deserve less shelf space than low-volume products.TRUE
  73. 73Mass merchandisers are usually high-markup, lower-volume stores.FALSE
  74. 74Low prices on some items serve as traffic builders or loss leaders for retailers.TRUE
  75. 75EDLP can lead to lower advertising costs and higher retail profits.TRUE
  76. 76Accepting telephone and mail orders is an example of the ancillary services that a retailer offers.FALSE
  77. 77Postpurchase services include shipping and delivery, gift wrapping, adjustments, and returns.TRUE
  78. 78A brand developed by a retailer and/or wholesaler that is available only in selected retail outlets is called a ________ brand. A) generic B) franchisee C) marque D) national E) private-labelprivate-label
  79. 79Though it is sold only in Walmart stores, Walmart's Ol'Roy dog food has surpassed Nestlé's Purina brand as the top-selling dog food. Ol'Roy is an example of a ________. A) generic product B) national brand C) franchise D) copy-cat brand E) private labelprivate label
  80. 80Which of the following is true for distributor brands? A) They sell at higher volumes than national brands and are also known as generics. B) They are usually sold at higher prices than national brands because production costs are higher. C) They are always of better quality than national brands as production is strictly monitored. D) Distributor brands can be sold at lower prices yet generate a higher profit margin because of their lower cost structure. E) Advertising and sales promotion costs for distributor brands are much higher than those for national brands.Distributor brands can be sold at lower prices yet generate a higher profit margin because of their lower cost structure.
  81. 81________ are unbranded, plainly packaged, less expensive versions of common products such as spaghetti, paper towels, and canned peaches. A) Common carriers B) Shills C) Generics D) Private labels E) Marquesgenerics
  82. 82Because shelf space is scarce, many supermarkets now charge a ________ for accepting a new brand, to cover the cost of listing and stocking it. A) retainer B) slotting fee C) residual fee D) contingent fee E) royaltyslotting fee
  83. 83Private label or store brands are also known as generics.FALSE
  84. 84The lower price of generics is made possible by lower-cost labeling and packaging and minimal advertising, and sometimes lower-quality ingredients.TRUE
  85. 85Which of the following is considered a wholesaler? A) retailers B) brokers C) producers D) manufacturers E) farmersbrokers
  86. 86________ are independently owned businesses that take title to the merchandise they handle. They are full-service and limited-service jobbers, distributors, and mill supply houses. A) Brokers B) Agents C) Merchant wholesalers D) Specialized wholesalers E) Retailers' branchesmerchant wholesalers
  87. 87________ serve bulk industries such as coal, lumber, and heavy equipment, assuming title and risk from the time an order is accepted to its delivery. A) Producers' cooperatives B) Cash and carry wholesalers C) Truck wholesalers D) Drop shippers E) Rack jobbersdrop shippers
  88. 88_______ sell and deliver a limited line of semiperishable goods to supermarkets, grocery stores, hospitals, restaurants, and hotels. A) Producers' cooperatives B) Cash and carry wholesalers C) Truck wholesalers D) Drop shippers E) Rack jobberstruck wholesalers
  89. 89The owner of supermarket chain Reynold's has realized that customers want a wider variety of goods than is currently available. However, Reynold's cannot afford the costs of storing excess inventory. Additionally, the owner is not willing to take the risk that the new products will remain unsold. Which of the following types of wholesalers can help Reynold's meet customer demand while minimizing costs? A) producers' cooperatives B) cash and carry wholesalers C) truck wholesalers D) drop shippers E) rack jobbersrack jobbers
  90. 90Agricultural assemblers, petroleum bulk plants and terminals, and auction companies are examples of ________. A) full-service wholesalers B) specialized wholesalers C) limited-service wholesalers D) merchant wholesalers E) brokersspecialized wholesalers
  91. 91Which of the following is true of brokers? A) Brokers represent buyers or sellers on a semipermanent basis. B) Most brokers are small businesses with a few skilled salespeople. C) Brokers bring buyers and sellers together and assist in negotiation. D) Selling brokers have contractual authority to sell a manufacturer's entire output. E) Purchasing brokers make purchases for buyers and often receive, inspect, warehouse, and ship merchandise.Brokers bring buyers and sellers together and assist in negotiation.
  92. 92_______ refers to buying large carload lots and dividing them into smaller units before shipping them out to consumers. A) Bulk breaking B) Containerization C) Wholesaling D) Warehousing E) Brokingbulk breaking
  93. 93Wholesaling includes all the activities in selling goods or services to those who buy for resale or business use.TRUE
  94. 94Wholesalers exclude manufacturers and farmers because they are engaged primarily in production, but include retailers, as they are selling to the end consumer.FALSE
  95. 95Merchant wholesalers are independently owned businesses that take title to the merchandise they handle.TRUE
  96. 96_______ encompass sales forecasting, production planning, and inbound materials transportation. A) Market logistics B) Containerization C) Transportation D) Nonstore retailing E) Wholesalingmarket logistics
  97. 97The elapsed time between an order's receipt, delivery, and payment is called the ________ cycle. A) variable-costs-to-payment B) product-to-payment C) inventory-to-sale D) order-to-inventory E) order-to-paymentorder-to-payment
  98. 98________ costs for a manufacturer consist of setup costs and running costs. A) Inventory-carrying B) Containerization C) Wholesaling D) Order-processing E) Transportationorder-processing
  99. 99_______ was originally pioneered by Japanese firms such as Toyota to produce goods with minimal waste of time, materials, and money. A) Electronic funds transfer (EFT) B) Market logistics C) Electronic data interchange (EDI) D) Lean manufacturing E) Supply chain managementlean manufacturing
  100. 100As inventory draws down, management must know at what stock level to request additional stock. This stock level is called the ________. A) reorder point B) least fixed point C) point of divergence D) inflection point E) critical pointreorder point
  101. 101A stock order point of 10 means ordering the product ________. A) every 10 days B) when stock falls to 10 units C) every 10 units D) when stock falls to 9 unit s E) in batches of 10 itemswhen stock falls to 10 units
  102. 102Optimal order quantities exist when the curves for the order-processing cost per unit and inventory-carrying cost per unit ________. A) are collinear B) are diagonal to each other C) intersect D) are parallel to each other E) equal zerointersect
  103. 103E&OE is trying to minimize its inventory costs, which are extremely high. The company has realized that it can achieve this by maintaining a near-zero inventory and producing more products only once it is ordered. Which of the following is true for E&OE? A) Inventory costs are lower than order-processing costs. B) Running costs are higher than inventory-carrying costs. C) Setup costs for the products are low. D) Order-processing costs are high. E) Order-processing costs are lower than setup costs.Setup costs for the products are low.
  104. 104E&OE is trying to minimize its inventory costs, which are extremely high. The company has realized that it can achieve this by maintaining a near-zero inventory and producing more products only once it is ordered. Which of the following will be true for E&OE? A) Short production runs will be more expensive than longer ones. B) Setup and order-processing costs will be high. C) The order point will be high. D) Order-processing costs will be lower than the inventory-carrying costs. E) E&OE can reduce the average cost per unit by producing a long run.Order-processing costs will be lower than the inventory-carrying costs.
  105. 105Beyond the optimal order quantity, total cost per unit increases because ________. A) inventory-carrying cost per unit increases B) inventory-carrying cost per unit decreases C) order-processing cost per unit increases D) order-processing cost per unit increases though inventory cost decreases E) inventory-processing cost per unit falls slowlyinventory-carrying cost per unit increases
  106. 106An item described as low-risk and low-opportunity is a ________. A) nuisance item B) bottleneck item C) variable item D) critical item E) commoditynuisance item
  107. 107________ consists of putting goods in boxes or trailers that are easy to transfer between two transportation modes. A) Containerization B) Haulage C) Inventory carrying D) Order processing E) WarehousingContainerization
  108. 108Which of the following is an example of a private carrier? A) MET is a transporter that operates only in the Chicago area and charges fixed prices. B) BCL is a family firm that owns only three trucks, but takes small orders for transport. C) VTV owns a fleet of trucks and transports goods for any client for a fee. D) COM is a shipping firm that transports goods by road and rail across the United States. E) BEL Inc. manufactures parts for automobiles and transports its products to customers itself.BEL Inc. manufactures parts for automobiles and transports its products to customers itself.
  109. 109The trucking firm hired by your transportation manager provides a trucking service between the city of Sacramento and the surrounding towns on a regular schedule and at fixed prices. The trucking firm saves transportation costs by transporting the goods using trains as well as trucks, instead of trucks alone. Your transportation manager has hired a(n) ________ carrier. A) airship B) airtruck C) trainship D) fishyback E) piggybackpiggyback
  110. 110If the shipper owns its own truck or air fleet, it becomes a ________ carrier. A) containerized B) private C) contract D) common E) diversifiedprivate
  111. 111Most companies today are trying to increase the order-to-payment cycle.FALSE
  112. 112More stocking locations mean goods can be delivered to customers more quickly, and warehousing and inventory costs are lower.FALSE
  113. 113Inventory cost increases at an accelerating rate as the customer-service level approaches 100 percent.TRUE
  114. 114If setup costs are high, the manufacturer can produce the item often, and the average cost per item is stable and equal to the running costs.FALSE
  115. 115Order-processing costs must be compared with inventory-carrying costs because the larger the average stock carried, the higher the inventory-carrying costs.TRUE
  116. 116As inventory draws down, management must know at what stock level to place a new order. This stock level is called the order point.TRUE
  117. 117The order-processing cost per unit increases with the number of units ordered because the order costs are spread over more units.FALSE
  118. 118Companies who want to carry near-zero inventory should build for order, not for stock.TRUE

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FlashCards sobre Chapter 18, criado por Charity Perkins em 29-11-2021.
Criado por
Charity Perkins
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