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Flashcards

AS English language terminology revision

Caitlin Hadfield Inglês 4,3Avaliação média 4,3 de 5 (7 avaliações) 152 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (152)

  1. 1AffixesThings attached to words
    Eg: un
  2. 2AssonanceRepetition of vowel sounds for effect.
  3. 3Archaic lexisWords used in earlier century's
  4. 4AnaphoraDescribes the practice of referring backwards in language
  5. 5ArticulatorLips, teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, glottis.
  6. 6AppositionA relationship between two or more words or phrases in which the two units are grammatically parallel.
    Eg: Mrs chip the joiners wife.
  7. 7AlveolarThe alveolar ridge is a flatish platform that is the most common place in the mouth for articulating consonants.
  8. 8Abstract nounA noun used for a non-physical thing.
  9. 9AmbiguityThe quality of being open to more than one interpretation.
  10. 10AntonymContrasting words (E.g hot and cold)
  11. 11AdjectiveA word used to describe something.
  12. 12Actual writerThe 'real' person or people responsible for text production.
  13. 13AppositionA relationship between two or more words or phrases in which the two units are grammatically parallel. (E.g. Mrs Chip the joiners wife)
  14. 14Actual readerAny person or groups of people who engage with and interpret a text.
  15. 15Anti-languageThe language of a social group which develops as a means of preventing people from outside the group understanding it.
  16. 16AmeliorationWhen a word becomes more positive over time (E.g. 'wicked')
  17. 17AbbreviationsEg: 'cause' instead of 'because'.
  18. 18AccentThe ways in which words are pronounced. Accent can vary according to the region or social class of a speaker.
  19. 19Adjacency pairsParallel expressions used across the boundaries of individual speaking turns. They are usually ritualistic and formulaic socially.
    Eg: 'How are you?' / 'Fine thanks'.
  20. 20Blended-modeA text which contains conventional elements of both speech and writing.
  21. 21Biblical lexisWords used in the language of the bible and would sound old fashioned to a modern speaker
  22. 22BlendingMaking a single word out of parts of two separate words. (E.g. Leggings + Jeans = Jeggings)
  23. 23BroadeningWhen a word broadens and has added meaning (E.g. dog used to mean the animal but now it means all of the breeds of dogs).
  24. 24Back-Channel featuresWords, phrases and non-verbal utterances
    Eg: When listening to someone on the phone and you say 'Yeah', 'I see', 'Okay', 'Uh huh'.
  25. 25ClichesMight be used to indicate that the speaker has nothing to say, That they are buying some time or that they don't care about the conversation very much.
    Eg: 'That's life'.
  26. 26Colloquial idiomThe phrases which characterize spoken language and which don't seem to serve any particular communicative function in and of themselves.
    Eg: 'in a minute', 'the thing is', 'As far as i can see'.
  27. 27CohesionText is connected / flows together by the use of connectives
  28. 28ContractionA reduced form often marked by an apostrophe in writing.
    Eg: 'Can't = Cannot', 'She'll = She will'.
  29. 29Common nounsNouns which do not refer to a particular person, place, day or time of year.
  30. 30ConsonanceDeliberate repetition of consonant sounds for effect.
  31. 31Connector of enumerationA word used to show what order / when things occur.
  32. 32ConnotationFeelings, ideas and attitudes associated with word choices
  33. 33Conversational speechCharacteristic of informal spoken language or conversation.
  34. 34Connector of additionA word used to show that you are adding more information.
  35. 35Concrete nounWords used to describe physical objects.
  36. 36ContinuumA sequence in which elements that are next to each other are not noticeably different but elements at the opposite ends are very different from each other.
  37. 37CompoundingPutting words together.
  38. 38Courtesy termsEg: 'Please', 'Thank you'
  39. 39co-operative principlesGrice's maxims
  40. 40Convert prestigeConvert prestige refers to the status of those speakers who don't yet own the 'dialect' of the group they desire to belong to.
  41. 41Derivational prefixes / suffixesAdded to a root to form a new word
  42. 42DeixisPointing words such as 'this', 'that', 'here', 'there'
  43. 43Discourse(s)This word has many meanings, for spoken language it is used to refer to the routines of language.
    Eg: the language routine when we visit our doctor, or get sent to see the head of house/year.
    (these examples give aspects of power)
  44. 44Discourse eventAn act of communication occurring in a specific time and location involving writers/speakers and readers/listeners.
  45. 45Decontextualised extractsTaking bits apart from things such as posters, texts etc.
  46. 46Discourse communityA group of people with shared interests and belief systems who are likely to respond to texts in similar ways.
  47. 47DelectionSomething is left out. Delection's refer to words which are left out. Ellipsis normally refers to more than one missing word.
  48. 48DialectThe distinctive grammar and vocabulary which is associated with a regional social use of a language.
  49. 49DenotationThe literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests:
  50. 50DescriptivistA linguist that analyses and explores the effects of language
  51. 51Discourse eventAn act of communication occurring in a specific time and location involving writers / speakers and readers / listeners.
  52. 52DigressionsIf you steer away from the the topic then you digress. Digressions are often used to give a new perspective or direction to a subject. HEDGES are often used to introduce digression.
  53. 53Everyday lexisWords and phrases that are the most frequently used in everyday speech and writing.
  54. 54Formal LexisSuitable for formal speech and writing but not normally used in an ordinary conversation
  55. 55Figurative languageimagery techniques (E.g. Metaphor, simile etc)
  56. 56False startWhen you start speaking, pause, and then correct yourself.
  57. 57Free morphemeA morpheme that can stand on its own as a word
  58. 58GenreA way of grouping texts based on expected shared conventions.
  59. 59HomophoneA word pronounced the same as another but differs in meaning.
  60. 60HyponymWords that fit into categories (E.g. Dog breeds: Collie, shih Tzu etc)
  61. 61HedgeWhen you don't give a definite answer (E.g. 'possibly' / 'I might')
  62. 62HypernymName/ types of categories (E.g. Dog breeds)
  63. 63HeterophoneA word that is written identically but has a different pronunciation and meaning.
  64. 64Humorous lexisWords that are normally used in a joking way
  65. 65InterruptionsThe speaker hasn't finished but someone else starts talking anyway.
  66. 66Impolite lexisWords and phrases that are considered rude and that might offend some people
  67. 67Inflectional prefixes / suffixesShow tense of verbs / plural form of nouns
  68. 68Informal lexisWords / phrases used in normal conversation but may not be suitable in more formal contexts
    Eg: in essays
  69. 69intertextualityA process by which texts borrow from or refer to conventions of other texts for a specific purpose and effect.
  70. 70Implied writerA constructed image of an idealised writer.
  71. 71IronyThe expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.
  72. 72ImplicatureWhat is being implied rather than what is being said.
  73. 73IdiolectIndividual language thumbprint of the words we say / how we speak.
  74. 74InferenceReading between the lines.
  75. 75IntonationThe sound pattern of phrases and sentences produced by pitch variation in the voice..
  76. 76JargonThe language, especially vocabulary, peculiar to a particular trade, profession, or group.
    Eg: Medical Jargon
  77. 77LexisThe framework that deals with the vocabulary system of language
  78. 78Lexical onomatopoeiaWords where there is a connection between its sound and meaning.
    Eg: splash.
  79. 79Literary lexisWords used mainly in English literature and not in normal speech of writing.
  80. 80LoudnessStrongly audible; having exceptional volume or intensity: loud talking; loud whispers.
  81. 81LexiconThe vocabulary for a language
  82. 82Legal lexisWords with a technical meaning used by lawyers, in legal documents etc
  83. 83layoutThe way in which something is presented.
  84. 84LexiconThe full vocabulary of a language or of a group, individual, field of study.
    Eg: Tyre, Oil, Engine, Car etc)
  85. 85MediaNewspapers, Magazines, TV and Music.
  86. 86Medical lexisWords or phrases that are more likely to be used by doctors than ordinary people.
  87. 87Minimal pairTwo words that differ in only one sound.
  88. 88Modal auxiliary verbAn auxiliary verb that joins with the main verb to demonstrate commitment towards an event or person that a speaker holds.
    Eg: may, must, could
  89. 89Multi-purpose textA text that clearly has more than one purpose.
  90. 90ModeThe physical channel of communication: either speech or writing.
  91. 91Material verbA word describing something physical.
  92. 92MorphemeSmallest grammatical unit
  93. 93Mental verbA word to show you are doing something non-physical (E.g. Thinking)
  94. 94Minimal pairTwo words that differ in only one sound
  95. 95Multimodal textText that contains features of the spoken mode and the written mode
  96. 96Non-Fluency FeaturesTypical and normal characteristics of spoken language that interrupt the 'flow' of talk.
    Eg: Hesitations, False starts, Fillers, Repetitions etc.
  97. 97NounsA word used for naming a person, place thing or idea.
  98. 98Negative faceWhen you do not accept someone's face (turn your back when someone is speaking)
  99. 99Non-SequiturA comment which, due to its lack of meaning relative to the comment it follows, is absurd to the point of being humorous or confusing.
  100. 100Non-lexical onomatopoeiaSignify a meaning through the use of sound.
    Eg: vrooom, brrrmmmm.
  101. 101NeologyThe process of creating (coining) new words in a vocabulary
  102. 102NarrowingWhen a word goes from being very broad to being very specific (E.g. 'girl' means young/ meant gender)
  103. 103Neutral topicsEg: The weather.
  104. 104OverlapsOne speaker talks at the same time as an other.
    Eg: possibly to reassure someone.
  105. 105Oppositional viewA way of defining the difference between modes by arguing that they have completely different features.
  106. 106OrthographyThe study of the use of letters
    (Capitals, italics, fonts etc)
  107. 107Old-fashioned lexisWords that were commonly used in the past, but would sound old fashioned today.
  108. 108Pace / timingThe process or art of regulating actions or remarks in relation to others to produce the best effect.
  109. 109Paralinguistic FeaturesRelated to body language - it is the use of gestures, facial expressions + other non-verbal elements (such as laughter) to add meaning to the speakers message beyond the words being spoken.
  110. 110Phatic talkConversational utterances that have no concrete purpose other than to establish or maintain personal personal relationships. Its related to small talk and follows traditional patterns.
    Eg: 'How are you?' / 'Fine', 'Cold isn't it?' / 'Freezing'.
  111. 111PitchThe degree of height or depth of a tone or of sound, depending upon the relative rapidity of the vibrations by which it is produced.
  112. 112Primary auxiliary verbAn auxiliary verb that joins with the main verb to show tense
    Eg: be, do, have
  113. 113PragmaticsAn approach to discourse analysis which focuses less on structures and more on contexts and purposes of people talking to each other.
  114. 114Prosodic featuresIncludes features such as stress, rhythm, pitch, tempo and intonation - which are used by speakers to mark out key meanings in a message.
  115. 115Phonological manipulation (Playing with sounds)Creative changes in sound patterns for deliberate effect.
  116. 116Politeness strategiesWays of maintaining a conversation to keep it going.
  117. 117Possessive pronounShows that you have possession of something.
  118. 118PejorationWhen words change over time to become more negative (E.g. 'gay')
  119. 119Place of articulationThe physical location as to where sound is created
    Eg: lips, teeth etc.
  120. 120Proper nounsThe name of a particular person, place, day or time of year. Always begins with a capital letter.
  121. 121PrepositionWords to show the time and place.
  122. 122Phoneticshow sounds are produced
  123. 123Positive faceWhen you accept people's face and act nice so they accept yours.
  124. 124PrescriptivistA linguist that believes that language must follow rules and should stick to them
  125. 125Phonologythe science of speech (sound system)
  126. 126Primary purposeThe main and most recognisable purpose.
  127. 127ProsodicsThe study of how meaning can be changed through changing volume, pace etc
  128. 128RepresentationThe portrayal of events, people, and circumstances through language and other meaning-making resources (E.g. images and sound) to create a way of seeing the world.
  129. 129Root wordMain unit of meaning
  130. 130RegisterA variety of language that is associated with a particular situation of use.
  131. 131RepairSame as a false start.
  132. 132SemanticsThe framework that deals with meaning and how that is generated within texts
  133. 133Situational characteristicA key characteristic of the time, place and contexts in which communication takes place.
  134. 134Sound ionicityThe matching of sound to an aspect of meaning.
  135. 135SibilanceRepetition of fricat (ss, zzzz) sounds for effect.
  136. 136Situation of useA specific place, time, and context in which communication takes place.
  137. 137Semantic fieldWords used for a particular topic to create a certain atmosphere.
  138. 138Spoken lexisWords or phrases used only in conversion.
  139. 139SynonymDifferent words that have the same meaning.
  140. 140SociolectVariation in language use associated with members of a particular social group.
  141. 141Secondary purposeAn additional and more subtle purpose.
  142. 142Text receiversThe people interpreting a text.
  143. 143Text producer'sThe people responsible for creating a text.
  144. 144Taboo LexisWords that should not be used because they are rude and offensive.
  145. 145Technical lexisWords used by doctors, scientists and other specialists.
  146. 146Implied readerA constructed image of an idealised reader.
  147. 147Trade marksWords that are the name of particular products.
  148. 148Tag questionAsking someone a question in conversation.
  149. 149TypographyThe study of how things are written in text form.
  150. 150Written lexisWords and phrases used only in written English.
  151. 151Verb phraseA group of words centred around a head verb. Can also contain auxiliary's
  152. 152VariationThe differences associated with particular instances of language use and between groups of language users.

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My AS English language Golssary (Constantly being adapted)
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