Flashcards
Urinalysis Unit 1 Review
Flashcards do conjunto (142)
- 1The total renal blood flow is approximately:1200 ml/min
- 2The enzyme renin is produced by the kidney:in response to low plasma sodium levels
- 3The approximate number of nephrons contained in each kidney is:1 million
- 4The major cause of the nephrotic syndrome in children is:minimal change disease
- 5Persons taking diuretics can be expected to produce:Polyuria
- 6All of the following are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by active transport except:Water
- 7The primary chemical affected by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is:Sodium
- 8All of the following are considered normal functions of the kidney except:elimination of serum proteins
- 9Urine from a patient with polyuria has a high specific gravity. The patient should be evaluated for:diabetes mellitus
- 10The average daily volume of urine produced by a normal adult is approximately:1200 mL
- 11The total renal plasma flow is approximately:600 mL/min
- 12Water is passively reabsorbed in all parts of the nephron except the:ascending loop of Henle
- 13The polyuria associated with diabetes mellitus is caused by:the presence of excess glucose in the urine
- 14Most of the sodium filtered by the glomerulus is reabsorbed in the:proximal convoluted tubule
- 15Diseases affecting the glomerulus are primarily caused by:immunological disorders
- 16Damage to the glomerulus can occur as a result of all of the following except:increased filtration of electrolytes
- 17The specific gravity of the glomerular ultrafiltrate is:1.010
- 18The glomerular filtrate is described as a:protein-free ultrafiltrate of plasma
- 19Symptoms of acute glomerular nephritis include all of the following except:hypoalbuminemia
- 20The most common cause of end-stage renal disease is:diabetic nephropathy
- 21Increased production of aldosterone causes:increased plasma sodium levels
- 22The buildup of crescentic formations on the glomerular capillaries is characteristic of:Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
- 23A person exhibiting oliguria would have a urine volume of:200 to 500 mL
- 24Which of the following terms is correctly matched with urine output?Polyuria: 3000 mL in 24 hours
- 25A urine specimen may be rejected by the laboratory for all of the following reasons except:the container uses a screw-top lid
- 26Early Egyptian physicians examined urine for all of the following except:pH
- 27To determine if a specimen is urine, measure the concentrations of:urea and creatinine
- 28Urine from a patient with diabetes insipidus has:increased volume and decreased specific gravity
- 29Red blood cells will disintegrate more rapidly in urine that is:dilute and alkaline
- 30The preferred method of urine preservation in the laboratory is:refrigeration
- 31All of the following could cause falsely decreased creatinine clearance results except:secretion of creatinine by the tubules
- 32Decreased production of vasopressin:produces a high urine volume
- 33Which of the following urine chemicals will deteriorate when exposed to air and light?Bilirubin
Ketones
Urobilinogen - 34Substances removed from the blood by tubular secretion include primarily:protein-bound substances, hydrogen, and potassium
- 35Results for glomerular filtration tests are reported in:milliliters per minute
- 36Aldosterone regulates sodium reabsorption in the:distal convoluted tubule
- 37The primary cause of the changes that take place in unpreserved urine is:bacterial growth
- 38Clearance tests used to determine the glomerular filtration rate must measure substances that are:neither reabsorbed or secreted by the tubules
- 39All of the following can be used to preserve a urine reagent strip glucose analysis except:sodium fluoride
- 40All of the following are endogenous clearance test substances except:inulin
- 41The most common error in measuring the glomerular filtration rate using the creatinine clearance is:inaccurate timing of urine collection
- 42Which of the following will be least affected in an unpreserved specimen left at room temperature overnight?Protein
- 43Production of antidiuretic hormone is controlled by the:state of body hydration
- 44An additional calculation that may be required in the creatinine clearance is a correction for:body size
- 45Which of the following disorders has the best prognosis?Henoch-Schönlein purpura
- 46If a substance is completely filtered by the glomerulus and then completely reabsorbed by the tubules, the clearance of that substance will be:zero
- 47An unpreserved urine specimen left at room temperature overnight will have decreased:glucose and ketones
- 48Goodpasture syndrome and Wegener's granulomatosis are associated with the presence of which of the following in the urine sediment?Red blood cell casts
- 49Which of the following is least likely to occur if a urine specimen stands at room temperature for more than 2 hours?Decreased pH
- 50Kidneys with impaired production of ammonia will consistently produce urine with a:high pH
- 51A patient with symptoms of hemoptysis and hematuria should be tested for:both A and C:
antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody
antiglomerular basement membrane antibody - 52The body surface of the average person in square meters is:1.73
- 53A urine specimen containing a large amount of precipitated amorphous material may have been preserved using:refrigeration
- 54A specimen for routine urinalysis and culture can be preserved using:boric acid
- 55A renal disorder associated with heroin abuse is:Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- 56The most routinely used laboratory method for measuring the glomerular filtration rate is the:creatinine clearance
- 57Blood tests to confirm the diagnosis of acute glomerulonephritis detect the presence of:antistreptococcal antibodies
- 58The first morning urine is the specimen of choice for routine urinalysis because it:is more concentrated to better detect abnormalities
- 59The serum osmolarity of a patient with hyponatremia:should be lower than 275 mOsm
- 60The recommended specimen for routine urinalysis testing is the:first morning specimen
- 61Failure to empty the bladder before beginning the collection of a timed urine specimen will:cause falsely increased results
- 62Vapor pressure osmometers are based on the principle that:increased solute lowers the vapor pressure of a solution
- 63The finding of bacterial casts is associated with:both A and C:
chronic pyelonephritis
acute pyelonephritis - 64Oval fat bodies and fatty casts are characteristic urine sediment constituents in patients with:nephrotic syndrome
- 65Glomerular basement membrane thickening occurs in membranous glomerulonephritis as a result of deposition of:IgG immune complexes
- 66Performing a creatinine clearance is helpful for determining:the feasibility of administering medications
- 67Infection of the bladder is termed:cystitis
- 68All of the following specimens are acceptable for a urine culture except a:timed specimen
- 69For accurate evaluation of renal tubular concentrating ability, patient preparation should include:fluid deprivation
- 70Cystitis can be differentiated from pyelonephritis by:the presence of white blood cell casts
- 71The normal serum osmolarity is:275 to 300 mOsm
- 72All of the following are good preservatives of urinary cellular elements except:sodium fluoride
- 73A first morning specimen is frequently requested to confirm:orthostatic proteinuria
- 74The first morning specimen from a patient with no history of symptoms of diabetes is positive for glucose. The patient should:collect the second morning specimen
- 75A technical error that could cause a discrepancy between freezing-point and vapor-pressure osmometry readings is:evaporation of the sample
- 76The presence of heavy proteinuria is most characteristic of:nephrotic syndrome
- 77Measurement of urine osmolarity is a more accurate measure of renal concentrating ability than specific gravity because:osmolarity is influenced equally by small and large molecules
- 78The pronounced edema associated with the nephrotic syndrome is related to the:hypoalbuminemia
- 79Quantitation of a substance that varies with daily activities should be performed on a:24-hour specimen
- 80The test that provides information similar to specific gravity is the:osmolarity
- 81Substances that can interfere with serum osmolarity readings include all of the following except:sodium
- 82Calculate the creatinine clearance for a patient of average size from the following data: Urine volume: 720 mL for 12 hours Urine creatinine: 120 mg/dL Serum creatinine: 1.5 mg/dL80 mL/min
- 83The extent to which the kidney concentrates the glomerular filtrate can be determined by measuring:urine and serum osmolarity
- 84Following fluid deprivation, a patient has a serum osmolarity of 276 mOsm and a urine osmolarity of 1000 mOsm. This patient:has normal concentration ability
- 85Before analysis, a refrigerated urine specimen must be:returned to room temperature
- 86John White donates one of his two healthy kidneys to his twin brother. His glomerular filtration rate can be expected to:remain within a normal range
- 87For quantitative analysis of urinary constituents the required specimen is the:timed specimen
- 88The renal function that is most frequently the first affected by early renal disease is:tubular reabsorption
- 89Which organ of the body breaks down protein to form urea?Liver
- 90Given the following information, calculate the osmolar clearance: urine volume—720 mL in 24 hours, urine osmolarity—700 mOsm, and plasma osmolarity—300 mOsm.1.2 mL/min
- 91A patient with insufficient production of ADH would have which of the following results?Urine volume—5 mL/min; osmolar clearance—2 mL/min
- 92An alternative to the catheterized specimen is the:midstream clean-catch specimen
- 93The most serious tubulointerstitial disorder is:chronic pyelonephritis
- 94What is the maximum length of time a urine specimen should remain unpreserved at room temperature before testing?2 hours
- 95What is the term meaning an increase in urine production during the night?Nocturia
- 96Where should labels on urine specimen containers be placed?Container
- 97Increased urinary eosinophils are diagnostic for:acute interstitial nephritis
- 98Given the following information, calculate the patient's free water clearance: urine volume—360 mL in 12 hours, urine osmolarity—1400 mOsm, and plasma osmolarity—275 mOsm.-2.0 mL/min
- 99The least contaminated specimen for bacterial culture is the:suprapubic aspiration
- 100Using the following values, calculate the creatinine clearance: urine volume—1200 mL/12h, urine creatinine—60 mg/dL, and serum creatinine—0.8 mg/dL128 mL/min
- 101PAH is secreted by the:proximal convoluted tubule
- 102The PAH test is used to measure:renal blood flow
- 103A 12-hour urine specimen with a volume of 360 mL is collected for a creatinine clearance. What is the volume (V) used to calculate the clearance?0.5 mL/min
- 104Tests to measure the tubular secretion of hydrogen ions include all of the following except:urinary bicarbonate
- 105Following injection of ADH, a patient has a serum osmolarity of 290 mOsm and a urine osmolarity of 450 mOsm. The patient:lacks tubular response to ADH
- 106Following a 2-hour infusion of p-aminohippuric acid, during which 200 mL of urine is collected, the urine PAH is 260 mg/dL, and the patient's plasma PAH is 0.8 mg/dL. Calculate the renal plasma volume.553 mL/min
- 107Microscopic urinalysis findings with acute interstitial nephritis include all of the following except:bacteria
- 108Which of the following is not associated with the elimination of hydrogen ions?Protein
- 109Documentation of appropriate handling of specimens for drug analysis is provided by the:chain of custody form
- 110Renal tubular acidosis can be caused by the:inability to produce an acid urine due to impaired production of ammonia
- 111In which of the following disorders would waxy and broad casts be most likely to be seen?Chronic renal failure
- 112To provide an accurate measure of renal blood flow, a test substance should be:cleared on each contact with functional renal tissues
- 113Increased turbidity in urine that remains at room temperature is usually caused by:bacterial growth
- 114THE TYPE OF NEPHRON RESPONSIBLE FOR RENAL CONCENTRATION IS THE?JUXTAGLOMERULAR
- 115THE FUNCTION OF THE PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES IS?BOTH A AND C:
REABSORPTION AND SECRETION - 116FILTRATION OF PROTEIN IS PREVENTED IN THE GLOMERULUS BY?THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION BARRIER
- 117THE RENIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT?VASOCONSTRICTION OF THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
- 118THE PRIMARY CHEMICAL AFFECTED BY THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM IS?SODIUM
- 119SECRETION OF RENIN IS STIMULATED BY?MACULA DENSA CELLS
- 120THE HORMONE ALDOSTERONE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR?SODIUM RETENTION
- 121THE FLUID LEAVING THE GLOMERULUS HAS A SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF?1.010
- 122FOR ACTIVE TRANSPORT TO OCCUR, A CHEMICAL?MOST COMBINE WITH A CARRIER PROTEIN TO CREATE ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY
- 123WHICH OF THE TUBULES IS IMPERMEABLE TO WATER?ASCENDING LOOP OF HENLE
- 124GLUCOSE WILL APPEAR IN URINE WHEN?ALL OF THE ABOVE:
BLOOD LEVEL OF GLUCOSE IS 200 ML/DL
Tm FOR GLUCOSE IS REACHED
RENAL THRESHOLD FOR GLUCOSE IS EXCEEDED - 125CONCENTRATION OF THE TUBULAR FILTRATE BY THE COUNTERCURRENT MECHANISM DEPENDS ON ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT?REABSORPTION OF WATER IN THE DESCENDING LOOP OF HENLE
- 126ADH REGULATES THE FINAL URINE CONCENTRATION BY CONTROLLING?TUBULAR PERMEABILITY
- 127DECREASED PRODUCTION OF ADH?PRODUCES A HIGH URINE VOLUME
- 128BICARBONATE IONS FILTERED BY THE GLOMERULUS ARE RETURNED TO THE BLOOD?ALL OF THE ABOVE:
IN THE PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
COMBINED WITH HYDROGEN IONS
BY TUBULAR SECRETION - 129IF AMMONIA IS NOT PRODUCED BY THE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE, THE URINE pH WILL BE?BASIC
- 130THE LARGEST SOURCE OF ERROR IN CREATININE CLEARANCE TESTS IS?IMPROPERLY TIMED URINE SPECIMENS
- 131CLEARANCE TESTS USED TO DETERMINE THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE MUST MEASURE SUBSTANCES THAT ARE?NEITHER REABSORBED OR SECRETED BY THE TUBULES
- 132PERFORMING A CLEARANCE TEST USING RADIONUCLEOTIDES?BOTH A AND C:
ELIMINATES THE NEED TO COLLECT URINE;
PROVIDES VISUALIZATION OF THE FILTRATION - 133VARIABLES THAT ARE INCLUDED IN THE MDRD-IDSM ESTIMATED CREATININE CLEARANCE CALCULATIONS INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT?WEIGHT
- 134AN ADVANTAGE TO USING CYSTATIN C TO MONITOR GFR IS THAT?IT DOES NOT REQUIRE URINE COLLECTION; IT IS NOT SECRETED BY THE TUBULES; IT CAN BE MEASURED BY IMMUNOASSAY
- 135SOLUTES DISSOLVED IN SOLVENT WILL?LOWERING THE FREEZING POINT
- 136SUBSTANCES THAT MAY INTERFERE WITH FREEZING POINT MEASUREMENT OF URINE AND SERUM OSMOLARITY INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT?SODIUM
- 137CLINICAL OSMOMETERS USE NACL AS A REFERENCE SOLUTION BECAUSE?NACL IS PARTIALLY IONIZED SIMILAR TO THE COMPOSITION OF URINE
- 138THE NORMAL SERUM OSMOLARITY IS?275-300 MOSM
- 139AFTER CONTROLLED FLUID INTAKE, THE URINE-TO-SERUM OSMOLARITY RATIO SHOULD BE AT LEAST?1:1
- 140TO PROVIDE AN ACCURATE MEASURE OF RENAL BLOOD FLOW, A TEST SUBSTANCE SHOULD BE COMPLETELY?CLEARED ON EACH CONTACT WITH FUNCTIONAL RENAL TISSUE
- 141RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS CAN BE CAUSED BY THE?INABILITY TO PRODUCE AN ACIDIC URINE DUE TO IMPAIRED PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA
- 142TESTS PREFORMED TO DETECT RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS AFTER ADMINISTERING AN AMMONIUM CHLORIDE LOAD INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT?ARTERIAL PH