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Flashcards

Anaesthesia

buzzybea1 Equine Bvms Inglês 46 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (46)

  1. 1What are the three most common problems with equine anaesthesia?hypoventilation, hypoxia and hypotension
  2. 2what may cause a horse to hypoventilate on anaesthesia?sedative,
    IV and volatile anaesthetics, opioids, muscle relaxants and
    positioning.
  3. 3how can the horses CO2 be assessed?Arterial blood gas analysis and capnography
  4. 4what does sever hyper capneia cause?acidosis, narcosis, increased risk of arrthymias and hypoxaemia
  5. 5why is mild hyper capnea benifitial?myocardial contractility and improves tissue blood flow
  6. 6what is good hyper capnea?upto 70mmhg
  7. 7How should hyper capneia be treated?IPPV and reducing anaesthetic depth. IPPV should be done at 6-8 bpm and 20-30cmH2O pressure.
  8. 8Why is IPPV dangerous in hoses?it increases the anesthetic and cardiovascular effects, it can disturb the blood base balance and damage alveoli
  9. 9What are the two ways to measure hypoxia in a horse and how do they differ?PaO2 and spO2. PaO2 is the partial pressure of O2 in the blood whilst spO2 is the saturation of the haemoglobin.
  10. 10How is spO2 and PaO2 measured?spO2 is measured by pulse
    oximeter whilst PaO2 is done by arterial blood gas analysis.
  11. 11what are the values where they are considered hypoxic?90% spO2 and 60mmHg PaO2
  12. 12what are the causes of hypoxia?VQ mismatch, hypoventilation,
    low inspired O2, shunts and diffusion abnormalities
  13. 13what are the two most likely causes o hypopoxia in a horse during anaestetic?VQ mismach and hypoventilaion
  14. 14Why arent the whole of the lungs per-fused during anesthetic?gravity, low contractility/
    spO2 and PaO2 heart rate and vasodilation. The body would usually respond by
    undergoing hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, although this is stopped by inhalants.
  15. 15how should VQ miss-mach be treated?IPPV, positioning, NO2
    administration which acts as an alveolar splint, air and O2 mix so it isn’t absorbed. IPPV deals with the oxygenation, to deal
    with the perfusion drugs are required, Beta agonists
    (salbutamol) by inhalation (often doesn’t work)is the choice.
  16. 16what is PEEPIPPV method which also known as the recruitment
    manoeuvre or open lung concept. It works by ventilating the lungs to 60-80cmH2O and leaving it there for 12 seconds done
    8 times, followed by 10 PEEP at 20cmH2O.
  17. 17what does hypoxia cause?myopathies, cause problems in the CCN and cause spinal cord malacia, and myocardial or cerebral disfunction.
  18. 18what is hypotension?low blood pressure its when the mean atrial pressure is <60-70mmHg
  19. 19How is man atrial pressure calculated?Hr X SV X TPR
  20. 20what are e side effects of anticholinergics?pupillary
    dilation, GI ileus and tachycardia.
  21. 21when should anticholinegics be used in an anesthetic?ABP <60 and the HR is
    <20-25bpm
  22. 22what are the two anticholenergics available for use?Glycopyrrolate and atropine
  23. 23what is stroke volume directly effaced by?preload, contractility and afterload
  24. 24what causes a reduction in pre load?dehydration, haemorrhage, positioning (supine hypotension) and with IPPV (pushes on VC).
  25. 25what decreases contractility?arthymias, volatile agents and acidaemia
  26. 26what causes a decrease to the after load?vasoconstriction, increased resistance from the heart and weak cardia compressions.
  27. 27what drugs increase the after load?adrenalin, alpha agonists, dopamine and phenylephrine.
  28. 28what is the worry if after load is increased too much?The CO will decrease
  29. 29how should hypotnsion be treated?checking the depth, providing IVFT (crystalloids, colloids) and possible use of the
    following drugs; inotropes (dobutamine, ephedrine and dopamine) and vasopressors (phenylepenephrine).
  30. 30what factors may make the horses recovery more dangerous?long procedures,
    True emergencies include: long procedures, the type of anesthetic, poor recovery box, full bladder, noise, pain, temperament and pre existing problems such as laminitis
  31. 31what are the desired factors of an equine recovery room?quiet, has controlled lighting, padded, no corners, cleanable, wide doors, an observation
    spot, o2 supplimentation, close to the operation room, has a scavenging system, winches and escape route for staff.
  32. 32What may be complications of recovery?myopathy, neuropathy
    (peripheral and central), airway obstructions, trauma (orphorpaedic and soft tissue) colic and catheter problems.
  33. 33how man anesthetic deaths is myopathy responsible for?7%
  34. 34how does compartmental syndrome occur?tissue has more pressure than the bloods hydrostatic pressure, therefore blood vessels get occluded, and the muscle starts to die off.
  35. 35what are the signs of myopathy?swollen, painful, hot, reduced function, myoglobinuria.
  36. 36what horses are at risk of myopathies?fit racehorses, heavy horses, hypotension, hypoxaemia, repeated anesthetic and on their backs. The treatment of po
  37. 37how are post anesthetic myopathies teated?nursing care, support (i.e. slings), analgesia (combinations of opioids, NSAIDs and alpha 2’s), fluid therapy, sedation and free radical scavenging.
  38. 38How are peripheral neuropathies caused?compression or stretching of nerve fibers, often from poor
    positioning.
  39. 39How should peripheral neuropathies be treated?Support the animal they often recover by themselves
  40. 40what central neuropathies may occur in the horse post anaesthetic?spinal cord malacia,
    cerebrocortical necrosis and blindness
  41. 41what are the re disposing factors to central myopathies in the horse post anesthetic?rapidly growing and dorsal recumbency
  42. 42what factors may increase the likely hood of nasal oedema?positioning of the head (dorsal recumbency), fluid
    therapy and duration of anesthesia.
  43. 43how may the horses larynx be damaged on anesthetic?stretching/ischaemia if the intubation was traumatic or too big, or if the animal had preexisting laryngeal hemiplegia.
  44. 44How should laryngeal problems be treated in the horse?wait and see, if they go down re intubate, cpcr and frusemide and steroids for the pulmonary oedema.
  45. 45what can be done to increase he chances of a smooth recovery?sedative, ACP would be the first choice, the animal needs adequate analgesia, empty the bladders, pack the ears, dim lighting, make sure quiet, cover the eye and maintain an airway.
  46. 46how long should recovery take in a hose?Its extremely variable but suggested 30 mins for every hour.

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Descrição
Bvms Equine FlashCards sobre Anaesthesia, criado por buzzybea1 em 01-03-2014.
Criado por
buzzybea1
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108
Tags
equine
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