Flashcards
Development
Flashcards do conjunto (91)
- 1What is development?The improvement in a number of different characteristics of a population. This can be economic, demographic, social, political or cultural.
- 2How does development link to globalisation?development leads to globalisation
- 3What positive changes would economic development lead to?Economic development would be an increase in the countries level of wealth.
- 4What positive changes would demographic development lead to?Demographic development may include an increase in life expectancy and an overall fall in death rate.
- 5What positive changes would social development?Social development would be improving the lives of the population (this could include better education, healthcare and housing)
- 6What positive changes would political development lead to?Political development would be increase in political freedom
- 7What positive changes would cultural development lead to?Cultural:
Development would include a greater equality for women and races - 8what is a development issue?The reason why some countries (LEDCs) aren't developing.
- 9What is Aid?Resources given by one country to another in the from of money and resources.
- 10What ways do governments give aid?Governments give aid directly to the country or indirectly through organisations
- 11What is Short-Term Aid?Money or resources to help recipient countries cope with emergencies e.g. earthquakes
- 12What is Long-Term Aid?Money or resources to help recipient countries become more developed e.g. improve healthcare.
- 13What is Top-Down Aid?When an organisation or government receives the aid and decodes where it should be spent. This is usually in the case of larger infrastructure projects.
- 14What is Bottom-down Aid?When the money is given directly to local people e.g. to build a well
- 15Why is aid important to development?Allows recipient countries to invest in things that improve people's health and quality of life.
- 16What are 4 problems with using aid as a route to development?1. Recipient countries may not use aid well because of corrupt government.
2. countries with poor infrastructure makes aid difficult to deliver. e.g. education projects in rural areas is difficult.
3. Bilateral aid may be harmful. If goods are expensive in the donor country aid wouldn't go far
4. Development may not be able to happen without aid. - 17What is Trade?The exchange of goods and services
- 18What 3 ways does trade promote development?1. Increases economic growth - increased trade increases employment and general wealth
2. Increases amount of money a country has to spend on social development
3. Increases amount of money a country has to spend on development projects - 19What are 5 problems with using trade as a route to development?1. LEDCs can't compete in a global market (don't have money to invest in technological developments)
2. Conflict or health epidemics (AIDS) make it difficult for LEDCs to trade in global markets (money doesn't go to developing trade)
3. Bad social impacts e.g. to keep prices low, bad working conditions and wages)
4. LEDCs export primary products with a low price and can be unreliable (Crops)
5. Countries often specialise in one trade, meaning if this necessity goes down the country will fall back. - 20Case Study - Sudan
- 211) Location: 2) Issues: 3) % below the poverty line: 4) GDP growth in 2010:1: Africa
2: Civil war and conflict
3: 46%
4: 4.7% - 22How much aid did Sudan recieve in 2007 and what percentage is humanitarian?Sudan received $2 Billion of aid
and 70% was humanitarian - 23Where does the aid come from and what is it used for?Aid comes from Individual governments, international organisations and NGO's
Aid is used to promote development by:
preventing conflict, rebuilding infrastructure and construction of 140 primary schools and 5 secondary. - 24How much food aid does Sudan Receive and what are the benefits and flaws?In 2008 the world food programme provided food aid for 6 million people
Benefits: short term survival
Flaws: not long term - 25What was Sudan Exporting before oil?Low profit agricultural goods.
e.g. cotton, nuts, livestock. - 26When did Sudan start exporting oil and what was was the trade surplus in 2011?Started exporting: 1999
Trade surplus: $1.4 Billion - 27How has the oil industry helped development?Brings economic growth and improves international relations.
Trade agreements have been made between US, EU, Eygpt and Libya. - 28What are the concerns of the oil industry?Profits of the industry aren't funding development of corrupt government.
- 29What is the difficulty with Sudan trading?In 2012 import tariff's 20% average.
They are in process of joining World Trade Organisation. - 30Case Study - Sri Lanka
- 31What happened to Sri Lanka in 2004?The Indian Ocean tsunami occurred.
- 32What were the effects of the tsunami?40,000 Dead
575,000 homeless
16,000 seriously injured
Hospitals, schools, homes, hotels and roads destroyed. - 33What was the: Emergency Aid?1) Voluntary international relief organisations initially helped locate possible survivors and treated injured.
2) Seeked to satisfy the urgent needs of the survivors. e.g. shelter, clothing, food, toilets, clean water and medical supplies. - 34What was the: Short-term aid?1) Provided partially by voluntary relief organisations and partly by ordinary people.
2) £300 million was donated by UK - 35What was the: Long-term aid?1) Governments pledged £3700 million
2) Rebuilding of schools hospitals, communication, housing and employment - 36Was the long-term aid received?1) 90% of the pledged money received
2) 1020 projects had been completed or started - 37What is economic sustainability?Developing to meet the needs of people today without affecting the ability of people in the future to meet their own needs
- 38What is environmental sustainability?Using the environment in a way which doesn't permanently damage or alter it.
- 39Why does becoming economically sustainable often reduce environmental sustainability?Economic activities often have environmental impacts. They:
1) Use resources - reliance on natural resources. burning fossil fuels mean they won't be available for future generations.
2) produce waste - industrial waste can cause irreversible damage to the environment - 40Sarawak - Case Study1
- 41Location:Malaysia
- 42Increase in Timber industry from 1971 to 1990:1971: 4.2 million M3
1990: 18.8 million M3 - 43what percentage of Sarawak's forest has disappeared?70% of original forest disappeared
- 44What has Sarawak done to become more sustainable?Since late 1990's, the Malaysian government have created forest management plans to control logging and promote sustainable management.
e.g. Trees have 25 year cutting cycle. - 45When did the rise in commercial agriculture start? What is the main commercial crop and its uses?Rise began in 1990's
Palm oil is the main commercial crop - in 2008 it accounted for 6% of Sarawak's exports and is used for foods and bio diesel. - 46What are the environmental issues surrounding palm oil?1) Causes deforestation because of plantations
2) Monoculture reduces biodiversity
3) Use of agricultural chemicals and waste from palm oil production causes soil and water pollution. - 47What other industries are in Sarawak?1) Since 2000, there is increased investment in high-tech industries, manufacturing and construction.
2) 2011 construction on Bajun Hydro electronic Dam and coal power gives power to other industries.
3) Raw materials (e.g. aluminum ore) - 48What do these industries promote?Promote economic sustainability but are not environmentally sustainable.
- 49Case Study - Kenya-
- 50Who is Practical Action?British organisation that works with people in developing countries by helping they get out of poverty and meet UN's millennium goal.
Helps meet basic needs of food, clothing, housing, energy and jobs. - 51How has Practical Action helped Kenya?1) Given improved building materials which are cheaper than commercially produced tiles and are lighter and don't need firing
2) Most Kenyan women cook on wooden stoves in poorly ventilated housing. PA trained potters to produce two types of stove: Mandelo (wood burning made from ceramic) and Jiko (charcoal burning made from recycled scrap metal) - 52How have they helped improve their homes?Added thin layer of concrete reinforced with chicken fire over old mud roof, added a gutter and downpipe which leads to water barrel outside. Small window and chimney added.
- 53What is Sustainable tourism?Tourism which hasn't damaged the environment people have come to see.
For example, limiting tourist number or having designated tourist areas. - 54Is tourism truly sustainable?Tourism is about attracting people to an area to generate profit, so the more tourists, the more profit but it is difficult to have a good tourist economy and to be environmentally sustainable.
- 55What can make tourism more sustainable?1) Tightly controlled tourist numbers
2) Tourist activities carefully monitored to make sure they don't damage environment - 56Case Study - Great barrier reef-
- 571) When did tourism rise? 2) Rise of visitor numbers in 1980's? 3)% of reefs economic input? 4) Amount in generates annually?1) 1980's and 1990's
2) 30% every year in 1980's
3) 87% of reefs economic input
4) AU$5 Billion - 58What 5 effects does tourism have on the barrier reef?1) waste disposal, litter and boat pollution damages reefs and effects dependant species.
2) Reefs damaged by boat anchors and poor driving practices
3) Tourism disturbs wildlife (nesting sea birds)
4) Reef is culturally and economically important. Tourism limits where these people can fish and carry out ceremonial activities
5) tourism development can damage coastal ecosystems. e.g. mangrove forests which are important to maintaining the reef. - 59Who are the GBRMPA and where do they work?Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority
They work in Queensland Parks, wildlife services, government agencies and the tourism industry to ensure tourism on the reef is managed. - 60What have they done to make the reef more sustainable?1) In 2003 the GBRMPA establised a zoning system that describes where certain tourist activities can take place
2) Activities such as fishing are strictly operated. Number of permits is capped and restrictions or boat sizes and group numbers
3) Tourist operators pay Environmental Management Charge (EMC) of $3.50 per visitor per day.
4) Tourist operators encouraged to report extent of bleaching. - 61Case Study - The KasBah du Toubkal, Morocco-
- 62What is the Kasbah du Toubkal?land bought in 1989 and restored into a hotel. he wanted to make sure development benefited the local community
- 63Who manages the property?Local villager and his wife manage 32 staff
- 64What do the Imlil village association manage?1) rubbish clearance and disposal
2) 4x4 ambulance service
3) Community bath house (hamman)
4) provision of accommodation in Asni for children to attend school
5) provision of improved safe water to outlying villages
6) provision of internet cafe - 65What is the development continuum?Contemporary way of viewing development; perceiving it as a continual process and recognising that it can occur in a number of different ways
- 66What is the North/South divide?(Brandt Line) imaginary division that has provided a rough way of dividing all the countries in the world into rich north and poor south have become more developed since the 1980's so many people now think the Brandt line is no longer useful
- 67Why nations group together: Economically1) groups agree to reduce barriers to trade, which increases trade between members.
2) being in a large group allows larger market for buisnesses
3) Countries can specialise in the things there good at and trade in the things there not - 68Why nations group together: Promote development1) Countries can work together to tackle development issues. e.g. disease, epidemic, poverty, education issues.
2) For example, UN set 8 millennium goals in 2000 which highlighted key development issues. - 69Why nations group together: Increase security and promote peace1) countries working together are less likely to go to war together
2) For example, South East Asian Nations is a group of ten countries which aim to ban nuclear lessons. - 70Positive consequences of global groupings?1) increased economic development for those in the group which can lead to increased quality of life
2) Better global representations for smaller nations who join larger groups. For example, tiny Caribbean islands have greater global presence
3) reduced risk or conflict and better international relations
4) groups of nations can increase global security - 71Negative Consequences of global groupings?1) Some group decisions are made centrally so some countries lose control of some aspects of how they run their country
2) Trade agreements in groups may mean missed trade with countries outside
3) Sometimes being a member of a country can damage a countries economy. Richer member states may have to support smaller member states - 72Case Study - EU-
- 73Formed: Aims: Initial member number Current member number:Formed: Second world war
Aims: ensure peace and improve economic development
IMN: 6 members
CMN: 28 members - 74What are 5 positive impacts?1) Trade has increased. e.g. in 1970, 12% of UKs GDP came from trade. In 2002, 23% of trade came between EU countries
2) Euro has made trade easier between countries as there is not need to swap currency
3) EU supports some industries. For example, CAP includes subsidies to EU farmers and adds tariffs and quotas to those outside the EU
4) Increased security from external threats. e.g. EU counter terrorism policy
5) Most EU citizens are free to move around the EU - 75What are 5 negative impacts?1) Joining EU can be expensive. Certain criteria must be met to become an EU member
2) Countries may have to share resources with other states. For example, because of CAP, your fishing ground is open to others
3) Policies like CAP mean trade is less between other countries.
4) Free movement of workers mean some EU countries have been left with a lack of skilled workers
5) Countries have to abide with EU policies even if its against their own policies. - 76Case Study - NAFTA-
- 77Formed: Countries involved: Aims:Formed: 1994
Countries involved: Canada, USA, Mexico
Aims: eliminate trade barriers and provide investement - 78What are 7 positive impacts of NAFTA?1) More jobs avaliable means better quality of life
2) NA employment goes up 23% since 1993
3) NA net gain of 40 million jobs
4) 10 million more service jobs in NA
5) GDP increased from $7.6 Trillion in 1993 to $17 trillion in 2008
6) $9 million invested in environment
7) Allows each country to maintain independance - 79What are 11 negative impacts of NAFTA?1) Migration rate from Mexico to USA doubled under NAFTA
2) Mexico saw a net loss of employment
3) Mexico - half population can't find formal employment
4) poverty and inequality rates only mildly decreased
5) Mexico to USA wage gap increased X6
6) Wages in services 71% of those in manufacturing
7) Most profits go back to US companies
8) 1.5 million jobs lost in manufacturing US
9) USA more political control in NAFTA
10) More pollution because of clearing mexican land
11) Mexico poor record of enforcing environmental laws - 80What is an LDC?Less developed country
- 813 Characteristics of LDCs:1) Low income - less than $800 GDP annually
2) Human resources weaknesses, based upon indicators of nutrition, health, education levels, literacy
3) Economic vulnerability - low level of economic diversification, share of labour force in manufacturing industry, annual per capita energy consumption and merchandise export. it can also be measured by vulnerability after natural disaster - 824 Things LDCs suffer from:1)Ongoing and widespread conflict
2) Extensive political corruption
3) A lack of political and social stability
4) A form of government such as dictatorship - 83What are the main economic issues in LDCs?1) Low income - less than $800
2) Poor trade links - LDCs have little involvement in world trade
3) High levels of debt - LDCs borrow money from developed countries. The loans are large and high interest rates
4) Trade in low profit goods - primary products
5) Trade deficit - spend more on exports than imports
6) Economic instability - Dependant on primary products which are instable - 84What are the main social issues in LDCs?1) Limited healthcare - thousands of patient per doctor
2) High IMR
3) High levels of malnutrition
4) High numbers of people affected by disease
5) low levels of education and literacy rates
6) lack of access to clean water and sanitation - 85What are the main demographic issues in LDCs?1) Low life expectancy
2) Many LDCs have a much higher birth rate than death rate - 86What are the main political issues in LDCs?1) Many LDCs don't have a demogrpahic government
2) Political corruption is a problem
3) Many LDCs are badly affected by war and conflict - 87What is the main cultural issue in LDCs?1) Inequality - between men and women, between economic and social groups
- 88Case Study - Ethiopia-
- 891) Location: 2) Population: 3) GNI per Capita: 4) Economic vulnerability index: 5) Doc-Patient ratio: 6) IMR: 7) Literacy Rates:1) Eastern Africa
2) 90 Million
3) $380
4) 33.5
5) 30,000
6) 75 per 1000
7) 30% - 901) Life Expectancy: 2) Birth Rate: 3) Death Rate: 4) Employment in Agriculture: 5) Employment in services: 6) HDI: 7) Democratic government came into power:1) 56
2) 42 per 1000
3) 11 per 1000
4) 80%
5) 13%
6)0.400-0.449
7) 1994 - 911) Malnutrition? 2) Education? 3) War? 4) Inequality?1) 2004-2005 50% of population malnourished
2) 2005-2010 45% school attendance
3) 10,000's killed in war between Ethiopia and Eritrea
4) 2005-2010
30% male school attendance
23% female school attendance
Informações
- Descrição
- A-Level Geography (A2) FlashCards sobre Development, criado por Ella Foster em 18-10-2016.
- Criado por
- Ella Foster · out 2016
- Atualizado
- 6 abr 2018
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