Flashcards
AQA GCSE Psychology Learning
Flashcards do conjunto (35)
- 1LearningA relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience.
- 2Classical ConditioningA procedure in which an animal or person learns to associate a reflex response with a new stimulus.
- 3Unconditioned stimulusThe stimulus that produces a reflex response (e.g food for Pavlov's dog)
- 4Unconditioned responseThe reflex response to an unconditioned stimulus (e.g. Pavlov's dog's salivation)
- 5Conditioned stimulusA new stimulus presented with the UCS (e.g. Bell in Pavlov's experiment)
- 6Conditioned responseThe response that is learned. It now occurs when the CS is presented.
(e.g. Pavlov's dog's salivation) - 7ExtinctionA conditioned response dies out
- 8Spontaneous recoveryA conditioned response that has disappeared suddenly appears again
- 9GeneralisationThe conditioned response is produced when a similar stimulus to the original CS
is presented - 10DiscriminationThe conditioned response is only produced when a specific stimulus is presented.
- 11Watson and Rayner aimTo see if the emotional response of fear could be conditioned in a human being.
- 12Watson and Rayner methodAlbert was an 11 month old baby who liked a white lab rat, and had no fear of white furry objects. The rat was shown to Albert, and as he reached for it, a metal bar was hit with a hammer behind Albert's back, causing a loud noise inducing fear. This was done several times.
- 13Watson and Rayner resultsAfter 7 times, when the rat was presented Albert screamed and tried to get away, even though the bar wasn't hit. Albert also screamed when shown a Santa Claus mask and a fur coat.
- 14Watson and Rayner conclusionThey showed that the fear response could be learnt and even young children can learn in the way suggested by
classical conditioning, - 15Operant conditionLearning due to consequences of behaviour through positive or negative reinforcement.
- 16Law of EffectIf a certain response has pleasant consequences, it is more likely than other responses to occur in the
same circumstances. - 17ThorndikeHe studied operant conditioning by putting animals inside puzzle boxes. Once he put a cat in a puzzle box after and after the 20th time, it got out very quickly.
- 18SkinnerIntroduced the idea of reinforcement.
Placed a hungry rat in a Skinner box. When it pressed a lever, a pellet of food would drop, so the rat learnt to press the lever (positive reinforcement). - 19PunishmentA stimulus that weakened behaviour because it is unpleasant so we try to avoid.
- 20ReinforcementA consequence of behaviour that encourages or strengthens a behaviour. This might be seen as a reward.
- 21Positive reinforcementA reward or pleasant consequence that increases the likelihood that a behaviour or action will be repeated.
- 22Negative reinforcementWhen an unpleasant experience is removed after a behaviour or action has been made. This increases the likelihood of that behaviour or action being repeated.;
- 23Behaviour shapingChanging someone's behaviour in small steps.
- 24PhobiaA persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity or situation. Typical symptoms include an intense feeling of fear and anxiety to avoid the object, activity
or situation. - 25FloodingA treatment for phobias that involves the immediate exposure of the person to the feared object, activity or situation until there is no longer a fearful response.
- 26How arachnophobias are formedThe normal reflex is danger -> fear
In a phobia, the response is spider -> fear
The process goes:
screaming makes me scared; spider + screaming makes me scared, spiders make me scared. - 27How flooding worksPerson is exposed repeatedly and rapidly to the thing they fear. They make the person stay next to what they fear until they realise there is no reason for fear.
The CS-CR bonds are broken. - 28Ethical implications of flooding-No right to withdraw
-No protection
-Can be very stressful - 29Systematic desensitsationA treatment for phobias in which the person is taught to relax and then is gradually exposed gradually to the feared object, situation or event. They don't move on to the next stage of the hierarchy until they are completely relaxed.
- 30Hierarchy of fearsA series of feared events ranked from least frightening to most frightening.
- 31Aversion therapyA treatment for addiction such as drugs or alcohol dependency which makes the addict have an extremely negative reaction to the addictive substance.
- 32How aversion therapy works for alcoholicsThe patient develops an extremely negative reaction to alcohol using the vomiting reflex of an emetic when it is consumed with alcohol. The patient will then associate the alcohol with vomiting, so will avoid it.
- 33Primary reinforcerA reward such as food or water, that the animal or person needs in order to survive.
- 34Secondary reinforcerA reward, such as money or a token that the person can exchange for a
primary reinforcer. - 35Token economy programsHave been set up in some hospitals (usually psychiatric wards) and prisons to reward socially acceptable behaviour. Every time the patient produces appropriate behaviour, staff immediately gives the person the token. These tokens can be exchanged for something like watching a favourite TV program.
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- All you need to know for the Learning topic! Have fun =)
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- Diana Domingues
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