Flashcards
Edexcel History A Germany - The Nazi Dictatorship
Flashcards do conjunto (32)
- 1Reichstag Fire-27th February 1933 the Reichstag building was destroyed by a massive fire
-A communist supporter van der Lubbe was caught on the site with matches and fire lighters
-Confessed and was put on trial
-Goering, the new head of police, claimed that there was evidence that this was a communist conspiracy
-Hitler persuaded Hindenburg to declare a state of emergency - 2New Elections-Election called for 5 March 1933, he was hoping for more support
-Decree for protection of People and the State enabled him to suspend civil rights, imprison political opponents and ban communist newspapers
-Ensured Police turned a blind eye to SA action
-Persuaded Krupp and others to finance him, 3 million mark were donated in one meeting
-Bloody election campaign led to 70 deaths - 3Election Results-The Nazi Party had 288 votes
-used his emergency powers to stop the communists taking their 81 seats
-With the other Right Wing parties he now had a 2/3 majority and so could force through any legislation he wanted to and change the constitution - 4Enabling ActLaw for Removal of the Distress of the People and Reich
-Forced irt through late March 1933
-Gave Hitler the right to make laws for 4 years without consulting Reichstag
-It was renewed in 1937
-Passed 444 votes to 94
-Included a lot of intimidation
-Fewer Social Democrats arrived as some were in hospital and some had fled the country
-Corridors were lined with SS
-Outside SA mob chanted "Give us the Bill or else fire and murder" - 5Removing Opposition: Trade Unions-Trade Unions were a possible source of opposition
-Believed that communists could control them and then strikes could undermine the government
-May 1933 banned trade unions and made strikes illegal - 6Removing Opposition: Political PartiesJuly 1933 Hitler issued a decree making all political parties bar the NSDAP illegal in Germany
- 7Removing Opposition: Local Government-Strengthened power of the government in central Berlin which he controlled and weakened the local governments
-January 1934 abolished Laender Parliaments and declared that governors, appointed by him, would run every region of Germany - 8The Night of Long Knives: Causes-Hitler feared Roehm, leader of the SA
-Roehm had merged an army veteran group with the SA
-The SA now numbered 3 million and were very loyal to Roehm
-Roehm also opposed Hitler's politics, he wanted more socialist policies and criticised Hitler's links with rich industrialists and army generals
-German Army was scared of Roehm as he wanted to replace the army with the SA
-SS leaders Himmler and Heydrich resented Roehm and wanted to increase their own power
-1934 SS and army warned Hitler that Roehm was planning on seizing power - 9The Night of Long Knives-30th June 1934 arranged for Roehm and other senior SA officers to be arrested, imprisoned and shot
-Roehm was left in a room with a pistol loaded with one gun
-After 15 min of hearing no sound SS brigade leader and his deputy entered and shot him
-6 other SA leaders were shot
-Von Papen protested and was told SS was in control and he should go home for his safety
-Von Papen's home surrounded and telephone cut
-Over 4 days 400 people including 150 senior SA members were shot without trial
-von Schleicher was gunned down supposedly resisting arrest - 10The Night of Long Knives: Reaction-Hitler was no clearly acting illegaly
-A few Germans protested
-Most weren't aware of how bad it had been and were grateful that the SA, hated for their brutality, had been restrained
-Hitler now had firm control of the Nazi Party - 11Death of Hindenburg-2nd August 1934 Hindenburg died age 87
-Hitler declared himself Fuehrer
-As Fuehrer he added the presidents powers to his own as chancellor
-Forced an oath of loyalty to him from every soldier in the army
-Plebiscite was organised to confirm Hitler as a Fuehrer
-Bombarded by pro Nazi Propaganda, 90% of voters decided in favour
-The Weimar Republic was over, Hitler's Third Reich had begun - 12Police State: The SS-Schutzstaffel
-Main role was to be the Nazi's private police force
-Ran by Himmler
-They were totally loyal to Hitler
-1930s expanded to 50 000 men and put in charge of all other state security services
-Carried out the policy of racial purification
-One part of the SS, the Totenkopf, was in charge of concentration camps - 13Police State: Gestapo-Hitler's non uniformed secret police
-Set up in 1933 and put under control of SS in 1936
-Created by Goering but ran by Heydrich
-Particularly feared because no one could distinguish them from the normal public
-Arrested people who acted or spoke out against the Nazi's in any way
-Could imprison people without a trial
-SS and Gestapo could arrest people without being responsible to anyone but Hitler and their leaders
-1939 150 000 people under protective arrest - 14Police State: Concentration Camps-First Concentration Camp was at Dachau in 1933
-Located in isolated, out of the way places
-Secretive places not controlled by normal prison rules
-Inmates were political prisoners or undesirables like jews
-From 1938 onwards SS used camp inmates for forced labour
-6 concentration camps by 1939 with 20 000 people in them
-After 1939 they increased in number and size and were used for the mass murder of jews and other minority groups - 15Police State: Judiciary System-Set up the National Socialist League for Maintenance of the Law
-Judges had to be members
-Any judges that didn't agree with Nazi ideals were denied membership
-Certain that judges supported the ideas, he allowed them to punish people even if they hadn't broken the law
-People's Court was created to try treason
-Judges were handpicked for this
-Hitler personally increased sentences if he thought they were too lenient - 16Persecution of the Church-Likelihood for friction between Church and Nazi Party was obvious
-Nazi's glorified strength violence and racial superiority
-Christians teach peace, respect and tolerance for all people
-Tried working with them in the beginning
-But this approach didn't last long - 17Persecution of the Church: Catholic Church-One third of German christians were catholic
-On social issues owed their first allegiance to the Pope, not Hitler
-Catholics had their own schools that taught different values to Nazi State Schools - 18Persecution of the Church: ConcordatTried to reach an agreement with the Catholic Church at first, July 1933 reached a concordat with the pope:
-Freedom of worship for Catholics
-Hitler wouldn't interfere with Catholic schools
-Priests wouldn't interfere with politics
-German bishops to swear loyalty to the national socialist regime - 19Persecution of the Church: Hitler Breaking Promises-Hitler didn't keep his promises to the Catholic church. As 1930s went on:
-Catholic Priests Harassed and arrested, 400 priests in Dachau
-Catholic schools brought in line with state schools or closed
-Catholic youth activities like the catholic youth league, were banned - 20Persecution of the Church: Reichs Church-At first, some protestants were so grateful for protection from the communists they worked with the Nazi's
-They even allowed Nazi flags to be displayed inside their churches
-These protestants formed the Reichs Church
-Protestant pastors who supported Hitler were allowed to continue with their services as usual - 21Persecution of the Church: Confessional Church-Many protestant christians opposed Hitler and some even spoke out against him
-1934 Pastor Martin Niemoeller set up the confessional church that opposed interference from the Nazis
-1937 Niemoeller and 800 fellow ministers sent to a concentration camp
-By this time Hitler was in complete control of the Reichstag, NSDAP, police, army and legal system. He treated the church with contempt - 22Censorship and Propaganda: The Press-Goebbels was in charge of Propaganda as the Minister of People's Enlightenment and Propaganda
-Newspapers were encouraged but had to present Nazi views
-Journalists were given regular briefings containing information the government was willing to publicise.
-Sometimes they were specifically told what to write
-Under these circumstances there was no free press - 23Censorship and Propaganda: Universities-Nazi's had little respect for academic research
-1933-38 3000 professors and lecturers were dismissed
-Research was directed by the Ministry
-Results had to support Nazi views
-All remaining academics had to publicly agree with things that were clearly nonsense - 24Propaganda and Censorship: The Arts-Goebbels set up the Reich Chamber of Culture
-Writers, musicians, artists and actors had to be members - 25Propaganda and Censorship: Books-Books with views that Nazi's didn't like were censored
-Millions of books were taken from public libraries and burned on massive bonfires
-On one night students in berlin burned 20 000 books were the authors were jews, communists or anti-Nazi - 26Propaganda and Censorship: Music-Jazz music was banned as it was seen as black and therefore inferior
-Wagner's work was promoted as he put music to heroic German legends
-Beethoven, Bach and traditional German music were favoured - 27Propaganda and Censorship: Art and Theater-Art was heavily censored on racial and political or simply because of taste
-Disapproved of modern art but liked art that showed traditional male and female roles or heroic German folk tales
-Theater's plays about German politics and history were favoured so long as they showed Nazi views
-Cheap Theater tickets made available, was a good way of getting Nazi views across - 28Propaganda and Censorship: Old MethodsGoebbels expanded existing methods by having:
-Government posters
-Expanding rallies and parades. Mass rally was held at Nuremberg each year to create an image of Nazi unity
-Aeroplanes were used to transport Hitler from place to place so that millions could see him - 29Propaganda and Censorship: Radio-All radio stations were put under Nazi control
-Hitler and Nazi Officials made regular broadcasts
-Cheap radios were mass produced and sold, and placed in restaurants and schools
-By 1930s more radios per person in Germany than anywhere else in the world - 30Propaganda and Censorship: Cinema-With 250 million visits in 1933 it was an excellent way to communicate Nazi views
-Films were shown alongside 45 min newsreels that publicised Germany's achievements
-From 1934, Film makers had to have plots approved by Goebbels
-Some films had overtly political messages, e.g. a young Nazi boy being shot by communists - 31Propaganda and Censorship: Sport-1936 Olympics held in Berlin
-Built a 110 000 seater stadium, the largest in the world to reflect German power
-Events were faultlessly organised to show off German efficiency
-Germany won 33 gold medals, more than any other country, claimed this was proof of Aryan superiority
-However, African American Jesse Owens broke Olympic records 11 times and won 4 gold medals
-Hitler refused to present any of the 9 African American gold medalists with their medals - 32Propaganda and Censorship: Hitler-Hitler's image as a figurehead was carefully controlled
-Shown as strong and decisive
-But also frequently pictured with children to show he was a caring father figure
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- Descrição
- All you need to know for Edexcel History A's section on The Nazi Dictatorship in the Germany unit. Covers key events like the Reichstag Fire to the Night of the Long Knives to Nazi Propaganda and Censorship.
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- Natalia Cliff
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