Chapter 1 : The First World War

Name the countries covered

Which of the following countries shown on the ma is part of the triple alliance ?

Which of the following countries shown on the map is part of the triple entente

The alliance system threatened [blank_start]European peace[blank_end] in the following ways 1) European powers made the [blank_start]alliances in secret[blank_end] , this caused [blank_start]distrust[blank_end] and [blank_start]suspicion[blank_end] among them. 2)The powers thought they were [blank_start]supported by their allies[blank_end] . They [blank_start]would not give away easily[blank_end] when they had [blank_start]quarrels with other countries .[blank_end] 3)A small quarrel between [blank_start]two powers might involve more powers[blank_end] because each has as might lead to [blank_start]major conflict[blank_end] and even a [blank_start]general war in Europe[blank_end]

Three forms of [blank_start]arms race[blank_end] 1)[blank_start]Arms race[blank_end] 2)[blank_start]Army race[blank_end] 3)[blank_start]Naval race[blank_end]

Causes of the war 1)[blank_start]Alliance system[blank_end] 2)[blank_start]Armaments race[blank_end] 3)[blank_start]Colonial rivalries[blank_end] 4)[blank_start]Extreme nationalism[blank_end]

Reasons for colonial competitions 1)Political reasons : [blank_start]Symbol of national power[blank_end] 2) Economic reasons : [blank_start]To obtain resources[blank_end], [blank_start]cheap labor[blank_end] and [blank_start]overseas market[blank_end]

Effects of colonial expansion 1) [blank_start]Relations worsened among powers[blank_end] 2) Formed [blank_start]alliance[blank_end] to [blank_start]strengthen their positions[blank_end] 3)[blank_start]Arms race[blank_end] was intensified as they didn’t want to [blank_start]lose in these rivalries .[blank_end]

Nationalism is the desire of [blank_start]people of the same race and culture[blank_end] to govern themselves . it became extreme in [blank_start]1900s[blank_end] people supported [blank_start]territorial expansion[blank_end] and use [blank_start]force[blank_end] to [blank_start]solve conflicts.[blank_end]

Extreme nationalism in France After the defeat in [blank_start]Franco-Prussia[blank_end] War, France wanted to take revenge on [blank_start]Germany[blank_end] to get back [blank_start]Alsace-Lorraine[blank_end]

extreme nationalism in Germany [blank_start]Pan-Germanism[blank_end]

Extreme nationalism in Russia and Serbia [blank_start]Pan-Slavism[blank_end] [blank_start]Russia[blank_end] : wanted to lead all slavs [blank_start]Serbia[blank_end] : wanted to expand in the [blank_start]Balkans[blank_end]

Extreme Nationalism in Austria-Hungary To restore [blank_start]glory[blank_end] by expanding to the [blank_start]Balkans[blank_end]

Causes of the war 1) The Moroccan Crises -The [blank_start]First Moroccan crisis[blank_end] -The [blank_start]Second moroccan Crisis[blank_end] 2)The Balkan Problems -The [blank_start]Bosnia Crisis[blank_end] 3) The Balkan Wars - The [blank_start]First Balkan War[blank_end] -The [blank_start]Second Balkan War[blank_end] 4) Situation after the Balkan Wars -After the [blank_start]first Balkan War[blank_end], [blank_start]Austria-Hungary[blank_end] instead on forming a new country , [blank_start]Albania[blank_end] . This stopped [blank_start]Serbia[blank_end] from [blank_start]getting an outlet[blank_end] to the [blank_start]Adriatic Sea[blank_end] , [blank_start]Austro-Serbian relations[blank_end] were worsened.

Pre-war crises dates The First Moroccan Crisis ( [blank_start]1905-1906[blank_end]) The Second Moroccan Crisis ( [blank_start]1911[blank_end]) The Bosnia Crisis ( [blank_start]1908[blank_end]) The First Balkan War ([blank_start]1912[blank_end]) The Second Balkan War ( [blank_start]1913[blank_end])

The outbreak of WWI ([blank_start]1914-1918[blank_end])

Trigger of WWI

Sarajevo Assasination -Date : [blank_start]June 28th 1914[blank_end] the [blank_start]heir[blank_end] of the [blank_start]Austrian[blank_end] Empire,[blank_start]Franz Ferdinand[blank_end] was visiting Sarajevo , [blank_start]the capital of Bosnia[blank_end] .[blank_start]Princip[blank_end] shot him and his wife ( [blank_start]Sophie[blank_end] ) dead

[blank_start]Gavrilo Princip[blank_end] A [blank_start]Bosnian Serb[blank_end] member of Young Bosnia , a [blank_start]Yugoslavist[blank_end] organisation( The Black Hand) seeking an end to [blank_start]Austro-Hungarian rule[blank_end] in [blank_start]Bosnia and Herzegovina[blank_end]

Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia -Date : [blank_start]23rd July 1914[blank_end] But [blank_start]Serbia[blank_end] rejected one of the demands in the ultimatum , because he was [blank_start]sure of Russian support[blank_end] ( his ally)

Austro-Hungarian declaration of war on [blank_start]Serbia[blank_end] -Date;[blank_start]28th July 1914[blank_end]

Russian Mobilization -Date : [blank_start]30th of July 1914[blank_end] In support of [blank_start]Serbia[blank_end] , Russia announced [blank_start]military mobilisation[blank_end]

German ultimatum to Russia -Date: [blank_start]31st of July 1914[blank_end] Russia’s [blank_start]military mobilisation[blank_end] alarmed Germany , which then sent an ultimatum demanding the [blank_start]demobilisation of Russian troops[blank_end] . Russia [blank_start]refused[blank_end]

German declaration of war on Russia -Date : [blank_start]1 August 1914[blank_end] Germany declared war on Russia. [blank_start]France[blank_end] immediately ordered [blank_start]mobilisation of her own army[blank_end] to support Russia

German declaration of war on France -Date:[blank_start]3rd of August[blank_end] Germany declared war on France.the next day , [blank_start]German troops[blank_end] invaded France through [blank_start]Belgium[blank_end]

Britain joined the war -Date : [blank_start]4 August 1914[blank_end] The German invasion was a [blank_start]violation of Belgian neutrality[blank_end] and Britain found it as a [blank_start]threat[blank_end] to her [blank_start]national security[blank_end] --> Britain declared war on Germany .

Date : April 1915 [blank_start]Italy[blank_end] entered the war but on the [blank_start]Allied Power[blank_end]’s side 1) [blank_start]internal disagreement on war[blank_end] 2)[blank_start]the Allied Powers promised her land[blank_end]

date: April 1917 [blank_start]US[blank_end] joined

Date : 1918 The [blank_start]Russian[blank_end] withdrew [blank_start]German[blank_end] surrendered --> [blank_start]The end of WWI[blank_end]

Paris Peace Conference ( [blank_start]1919[blank_end]) - Duration : [blank_start]January - June[blank_end] Specialty : for [blank_start]victorious nations[blank_end] only June 28 -Germany was summoned to sign the [blank_start]Treaty of Versailles[blank_end]

What was it like to fight in WWI ? -[blank_start]Machine guns and Trench warfare[blank_end]

Unconventional weapons in WWI

Aims of Paris Peace Conference

The “ [blank_start]Big Three[blank_end] “ -[blank_start]Woodrow Wilson[blank_end] ( USA ) * US president *Relative attitude towards Germany : [blank_start]Lenient[blank_end] -[blank_start]David Lloyd George[blank_end] ( UK) *British Prime Minister *Relative attitude towards Germany : [blank_start]Moderate[blank_end] -[blank_start]Georges Clemenceau[blank_end] ( FR) *French Prime Minister *Relative attitude towards Germany : [blank_start]Harsh[blank_end]

Treaty of Versailles , Revenge on Germany -[blank_start]territorial losses[blank_end] , [blank_start]war guilt[blank_end] , [blank_start]lost of colonies[blank_end] , [blank_start]disarmament[blank_end] , [blank_start]huge reparations[blank_end] -was designed to cripple Germany [blank_start]militarily[blank_end] , [blank_start]territorially[blank_end] and [blank_start]economically[blank_end]