Quiz
Research ethics
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Questions in this quiz (52)
1Research integrity aims to ensure that results are:
- ATrustworthy
- BBelievable
- CReliable
- DIndisputable
2Ethics centres around ensuring that research is:
- AConducted reliably
- BReported honestly
- CPre-registered
- DOpen access
3MQ seeks to maintain a strong research culture which incorporates:
- AHonesty and integrity
- BRespect for human participants, animals, and the environment
- CRespect for the resources used in research
- DAppropriate acknowledgement of contributors to research
- EResponsible communication of research findings
- FRespect for statistical methodologies used to conduct research
- GAppropriate acknowledgement of institutional support
4What is true of the Tuskagee syphilis study?
- AFalsely informed 400 participants they had syphilis
- BParticipants were informed they would receive medical care from the study
- COccurred before the advent of ethical review
- DUsed black men who were poor and uneducated
- EConcluded before a cure for syphilis was available
- FMany participants passed on syphilis to their wives/girlfriends and children
5Who said that "the principle of medical and surgical morality consists in never performing on man an experiment which might be harmful to him to any extent, even though the result might be highly advantageous to science"?
- AClaude Bernard (1813-1878)
- BWilliam Osler (1849-1919)
- CVictor Frankl (1905-1997)
- DElisabeth Kubler-Ross (1926-2004)
6William Osler (1849-1919) insisted that researchers experiment on patients only if:
- ADirect benefit is likely
- BFull consent is obtained
- CApproved by an ethical review
- DUnlikely to cause harm
7Nazi war criminal doctors received lighter sentences in the Nuremberg trials because at the time, ethics in medicine was unheard of
- ATrue
- BFalse
8What are the 3 ethical principles that have persisted throughout the history of ethics in medicine?
- ADon't harm participants
- BDon't do things unless there is an actual benefit
- CParticipants must give consent
- DTreat participants with unconditional respect
- EMaintain strict confidentiality
9What are the components of the 1947 Nuremberg Code?
- AFree and informed consent is essential
- BResearch must provide a benefit
- CShould be scientifically justified
- DAvoid unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injuries
- EDo not conduct research if death/disabling injury is likely
- FRisk of participation should not exceed research benefits
- GMust provide adequate facilities to protect against risks
- HResearchers must be skilled and qualified
- IParticipants must be free to withdraw
- JIt's the researcher's duty to stop if injury is likely
10Why was the Nuremberg Code limited?
- ANot legally binding
- BDecisions left up to the discretion of the researcher
- CMany researchers thought it only applied to very inhumane experiments, not to them
- DDid not include the right to withdraw
- EDid not include the necessity for informed consent
- FFew were aware of it
11Which experiments occurred after the establishment of the Nuremberg Code?
- ABrooklyn geriatric study
- BMilgram's electric shock study
- CTuskagee syphilis study
- DNazi war crime experiments
12What is true of the 1963 Brooklyn geriatrics study?
- AInjected geriatric hospital patients with live liver cancer cells
- BDid not have a scientific basis
- CPatients were fully informed but some had Alzheimer's disease
- DPatients were told they were getting human cells growing in test tubes
13What is true of Milgram's 1963 experiment?
- ADid actually obtain informed consent
- BMultiple participants had to withdraw due to psychological distress
- CParticipants were deceived
- DParticipants genuinely believed they were administering electric shocks
14What is true of the Declaration of Helsinki?
- AAll modern ethics codes are based on it
- BStipulates the need for ethics committees when using human participants
- CMade in 1949
- DAllows for researcher discretion
- ENow legally binding in most Western countries including Australia
15The Declaration of Helsinki provides:
- Aconsideration
- Bcomment
- Cguidance
- Dpunishment
16What are the ethics committees at MQ?
- AAnimal research
- BHuman research in human sciences
- CHuman research in medical sciences
- DHuman research
- EHuman research in cognitive sciences
17At MQ, only the human research ethics committee has a low-risk subcommittee
- ATrue
- BFalse
18What research ethics documents does MQ follow?
- AAustralian code for responsible conduct of research
- BNational statement on research ethics
- CStatement of animal ethics
- DGene-technology regulations
- EStatement of human ethics
19What is true of the Australian code for responsible conduct of research?
- ALists policies and procedures
- BNecessary in order to get govt funding for research
- CEvery research institute will have their own code based on it
- DUp to the govt to ensure that the code is being followed
20What does the Australian code for the responsible conduct of research discuss?
- AGeneral principles of responsible research
- BManagement of research data and primary material
- CSupervision of research trainees
- DPublication and dissemination of research findings
- EAuthorship
- FPeer review
- GConflict of interest
- HCollaborative research across institutions
- ICodes of practice
- JEthics of animal research
21What does the Australian Code stipulate about supervision of research trainees?
- AIt's the supervisor's responsibility to teach the student about responsible research
- BIt's the student's responsibility to follow what they learn about responsible research
- CIt's the institution's responsibility to teach the student about responsible research
- DThe supervisor is wholly responsible for the student and their actions
22In the Australian Code, "collaborative research across institutions" provides guidelines for research:
- AConducted overseas
- BWith companies in the private sector
- CAcross universities
- DBetween institutions in different states
23According to the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Research Involving Humans, what is ethical research?
- AGiving participants the respect and protection they are owed
- BFostering research that benefits the community
- CResearch that yields statistically significant results
- DRefinement, Reduction, and Replacement
24The National Statement is legally binding
- ATrue
- BFalse
25The National Statement does not apply to pilot studies
- ATrue
- BFalse
26Human research may involve taking part in:
- ASurveys
- BInterviews
- CFocus groups
27The National Statement covers collection and use of:
- ABody organs
- BTissues
- CFluids
- DInhaled breath
- EAnimal tissues
28What formats can data from an existing (un)published source/database take?
- AIdentifiable
- BRe-identifiable
- CNon-identifiable
- DQuasi-identifiable
- EPseudo-identifiable
29What are examples of researchers gaining access to participants' info as part of an existing (un)published source/dataset?
- AMedical records
- BComments in online forums
- CSurveys
- DFocus groups
- EInterviews
30The Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes protects animals used for any scientific activities, including:
- AMedicine
- BBiology
- CAgriculture
- DVeterinary/other animal sciences
- EIndustry
- FTeaching
- GHorticulture
31There are extra rules for research on:
- ACats
- BDogs
- CHorses
- DPrimates
- EOctopuses
- FFish
- GBees
- HDolphins
32The Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes is not legally binding
- ATrue
- BFalse
33What are the governing principles of the Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes?
- AOnly use animals if justified/necessary
- BSupport wellbeing of animals involved
- CAvoid/minimise harm
- DApply high standards of scientific integrity
- EApply Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement at all stages
- FKnow and accept your responsibilities
- GMust obtain informed consent
34At what stage(s) is the researcher responsible for the wellbeing of the animals involved?
- ABreeding
- BBuying
- CShipping
- DExperiment (not under observation)
- EExperiment (under observation)
- FPost-experiment
- GFate
35Why is it important to apply high standards of scientific integrity in animal research?
- AResults will be reliable and meaningful
- BAvoid wasting money and time
- CAvoid causing distress/injury for nothing
- DMinimises harm
- EJustifies the use of animals
36What are some alternatives to animal research?
- AComputer modelling
- BUse cells in a petri dish
- CReduce number of animals involved
- DHuman research
37What are the 3 Rs in animal ethics?
- AReplacement
- BReduction
- CRefinement
- DRenewal
- ERecycling
- FRegistration
38The framework for resolving allegations of breaches of the code or research misconduct are consistent across Western countries
- ATrue
- BFalse
39Why is the rate of serious offences growing?
- ACommercial pressures for success
- BOther pressures
- CGreater awareness of ethics
40The response to a complain may include:
- ADiscreet investigation
- BFormal inquiry
- CImposing a sanction/penalty
- DActions to fix the situation
- EAdvice to expert groups/public statements
- FImmediate suspension
- GA hearing in a Court of Law
41What is true of breaches?
- ALarge deviation from the code
- BOften accidental
- CUsual action is for ethics committee to just stop the study
- DTypically results in immediate dismissal
42What is true of misconduct?
- ABigger deviations than breaches
- BResults in more formal inquiries
- CSmaller deviations than breaches
- DUsually accidental
43What are some responses to an allegation of misconduct?
- AAppointing someone to supervise you
- BStopping you from doing research
- CMay have to contact participants and funding source
- DInformal inquiry
44A complaint relates to misconduct if it involves all:
- AAn alleged breach of the Australian Code
- BIntent and deliberation, recklessness, or gross and persistent negligence
- CSerious consequences
- DConflict of interest
- EAttempting to conceal the misconduct
45What may be some serious consequences of misconduct?
- AAdverse effects on participants, animals or the environment
- BPublished false data
- CDamage to your reputation
- DIncorrectly referenced material
46What are some examples of research misconduct?
- AFabrication
- BFalsification
- CPlagiarism
- DFailure to declare or manage a serious conflict of interest
- EHiding something from the ethics committee you knew they wouldn't approve of
- FMisleading ascriptions of authorship
- GDeception in proposing, carrying out, or reporting results in the study
- HForgetting to get a small change to the questionnaire approved
47What consequences befell Diederik Stapel when his misconduct was discovered?
- ALost his job
- BUni pressed criminal charges
- CHad to retract 55 research papers
- DHad to pay a large fine
- ELost part of his pension
- FHad to perform 120 hours of community services
- GServed prison time
48Why are mid-career scientists more likely to commit research misconduct than early-career scientists?
- AMay have been trained before ethics was drilled into students so much
- BMaybe early-career scientists are in a more tenuous position so won't take the risk
- CMaybe early-career scientists are less likely to admit it
- DThe consequences are more severe for junior scientists
- EMore confidence at later age in being able to get away with it
49[blank_start]27.5%[blank_end] of scientists anonymously admit to tiny breaches such as inadequate record-keeping
[blank_start]12.5%[blank_end] of scientists anonymously admit to minor breaches such as overlooking other peoples' use of flawed data or questionable interpretation
[blank_start]0.3%[blank_end] of scientists anonymous admit to serious breaches such as falsifying data- A27.5%
- B33.3%
- C58.7%
- D12.5%
- E26%
- F9.8%
- G0.3%
- H1%
- I4,4%
50The corporatisation of universities affects scientific misconduct because it introduces competition for:
- AFunding
- BScholarships
- CPhD places
- DPost-doc funding
- EJobs
- FStudents
- GData
51What are some explanations for scientific misconduct?
- ACorporatisation of universities
- BPoorly-managed conflicts of interest
- CLow neuroticism
- DDesire for attention
52What are some examples of conflict of interest?
- AFinancial benefit
- BPersonal relationship between peer-reviewer and author
- CPersonal relationship between examiner and examinee
- DHaving an alma mater in common
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- Research methodology Quiz on Research ethics, created by Jennifer Khouw on 28/10/2018.
- Author
- Jennifer Khouw
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- English
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