Quiz
GI - Equine
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Questions in this quiz (28)
1Describe the functional anatomy of the equine large intestine
• [blank_start]Ascending[blank_end] colon (large colon) vastly modified into [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end] chamber
3 chambers separated by physiological valves
- Caecum – [blank_start]caeco[blank_end]-[blank_start]colic[blank_end] valve
- Ventral colon – [blank_start]pelvic[blank_end] flexure
- Dorsal colon – narrowing [blank_start]transverse[blank_end] colon
• Transverse colon relatively [blank_start]short[blank_end] and narrows down to meet [blank_start]descending[blank_end] colon (small colon)- AAscending
- Bfermentation
- Ccaeco
- Dcolic
- Epelvic
- Ftransverse
- Gshort
- Hdescending
2What is the relevence of the Longitudinal muscle
not [blank_start]continuous[blank_end] strand but arranged into [blank_start]taenial[blank_end] bands (taenia)
– Different number of [blank_start]taeniae[blank_end] in different parts
– [blank_start]Shorter[blank_end] than large intestine itself resulting in [blank_start]sacculations[blank_end] (haustra)
– Enable mixing and delays transit time to allow [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end]- Acontinuous
- Btaenial
- Ctaeniae
- DShorter
- Esacculations
- Ffermentation
3Explain the process of fermentation and absorption in the equine large intestine and how it differs to ruminants
• Similar to [blank_start]ruminants[blank_end]
• Depends on diet
• Products of fermentation = [blank_start]VFAs[blank_end] & [blank_start]gas[blank_end]
• [blank_start]Microbial[blank_end] balance essential
• Microbial protein in horses / rabbits- Aruminants
- BVFAs
- Cgas
- DMicrobial
4Explain the Metabolism of VFAs
[blank_start]VFAs[blank_end] = energy
Homeostasis
[blank_start]Acetate[blank_end] – energy
[blank_start]Propionate[blank_end] = precursor for gluconeogenesis
[blank_start]Butyrate[blank_end] = energy / homeostasis- AVFAs
- BAcetate
- CPropionate
- DButyrate
5Describe VFA absorption
– by [blank_start]SCFA[blank_end]/[blank_start]HCO3[blank_end]- exchanger- ASCFA
- BHCO3
6Describe Na+ absorbtion
– Absorbed by [blank_start]sodium[blank_end] channels & [blank_start]Na+[blank_end]/[blank_start]H+[blank_end] exchanger ([blank_start]NHE[blank_end] transporter)
– enhanced by [blank_start]aldosterone[blank_end]- Asodium
- BNa+
- CH+
- DNHE
- Ealdosterone
7Desribe Cl- absorbtion
– by [blank_start]bicarbonate[blank_end] / [blank_start]hydroxyl[blank_end] exchange- Abicarbonate
- Bhydroxyl
8Describe water absorption
– mostly in [blank_start]SI[blank_end] except horse
– [blank_start]Osmotic[blank_end] pressure
– [blank_start]Hydrostatic[blank_end] pressure
– Solvent drag- ASI
- BOsmotic
- CHydrostatic
9Comparative physiology
[blank_start]Horse[blank_end] SI before fermentation, [blank_start]ruminant[blank_end] SI after fermentation – easier potential for [blank_start]overload[blank_end]- AHorse
- Bruminant
- Coverload
10Describe Carbohydrate fermentation
• [blank_start]Fibre[blank_end] (containing β-[blank_start]glycosidic[blank_end] bonds) requires [blank_start]microbial[blank_end] fermentation
• Products of fermentation are principally [blank_start]VFAs[blank_end]
• VFAs cause [blank_start]decline[blank_end] in pH of [blank_start]luminal[blank_end] contents
• [blank_start]HCO3[blank_end] secretions to neutralise VFAs- AFibre
- Bmicrobial
- CVFAs
- Dglycosidic
- Edecline
- Fluminal
- GHCO3
11
Protein fermentation
• Horse needs to [blank_start]absorb[blank_end] protein breakdown products as [blank_start]microbial[blank_end] protein lost.- Amicrobial
- Babsorb
12Explain Water absorption
• Most water absorption in [blank_start]LI[blank_end] in horse
• Local mechanism of secretion of [blank_start]H+[blank_end] in exchange for Na+ converts ions to their respective acids thus enhancing their absorption
• [blank_start]HCO3-[blank_end] secreted in exchange for Cl- maintain [blank_start]pH[blank_end] at level suitable for [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end]
• when VFAs absorbed there is also a net absorption of [blank_start]NaCl[blank_end] which enhance water reabsorption via [blank_start]osmotic[blank_end] pressure & [blank_start]solvent[blank_end] drag- ALI
- BH+
- CHCO3-
- DpH
- Efermentation
- FNaCl
- Gosmotic
- Hsolvent
13Explain VFA absorption
• Compared to ruminants VFAs are absorbed [blank_start]intact[blank_end] rather than metabolised as they’re absorbed
• Ruminants : proportion of [blank_start]propionic[blank_end] acid (precursor for [blank_start]gluconeogenesis[blank_end]) increases with more [blank_start]hCHO[blank_end] passing into [blank_start]large[blank_end] intestine- Apropionic
- Bgluconeogenesis
- ChCHO
- Dlarge
- Eintact
14What occurs with dietary adaptation
small intestinal digestion / absorption of hCHO can [blank_start]increase[blank_end] to prevent [blank_start]overload[blank_end]
• Much more energy efficient to digest [blank_start]hCHO[blank_end] and absorb as glucose rather than ferment it to [blank_start]propionic[blank_end] acid for [blank_start]gluconeogenesis[blank_end]- Aoverload
- Bincrease
- ChCHO
- Dpropionic
- Egluconeogenesis
15Microbiology
• Bacteria
• Food material passing into [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end] chamber generally contains lower levels of [blank_start]hCHO[blank_end]
• [blank_start]Amylolytic[blank_end] population consequently lower (unless hCHO overload of [blank_start]small[blank_end] intestine) and therefore fermentation [blank_start]slower[blank_end]- AhCHO
- Bfermentation
- CAmylolytic
- Dsmall
- Eslower
16Protozoa
• [blank_start]Ciliates[blank_end] as in ruminant but generally different species
• Smaller number than bacteria but larger - contribute similar total mass
• Protozoa lost in [blank_start]faeces[blank_end] therefore can’t be digested as in ruminant- Afaeces
- BCiliates
17Fungi
• Probably similar to ruminants
• Split apart [blank_start]lignin[blank_end] thereby rendering it susceptible to digestion by [blank_start]celluloytic[blank_end] bacteria- Alignin
- Bcelluloytic
18Compare Fore gut vs Hind gut fermentation
• Hind-gut fermentation [blank_start]70[blank_end]% as efficient as fore-gut fermentation
• Microbes [blank_start]less[blank_end] efficient
• [blank_start]Lower[blank_end] degree of amylolytic fermentation
• Hind-gut fermenters lose [blank_start]microbial[blank_end] protein in faeces- A70
- Bless
- CLower
- Dmicrobial
19What is gut-transit time in fore-gut fermenters dependent on
Rate of [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end] and can’t be reduced whatever the nutrient quality of the fibre- Afermentation
20Why do Horses on poor quality forage decrease gut transit time?
Consume more
• Ruminants more efficient on [blank_start]good[blank_end] quality forage
• Horses more efficient on [blank_start]poor[blank_end] quality forage as long as it’s in abundance- Apoor
- Bgood
21Explain the motility of the equine large intestine
• Large intestinal transit time must be [blank_start]slow[blank_end] enough to allow fermentation to occur
• [blank_start]Hind-gut[blank_end] fermenters - several days
• [blank_start]Fore-gut[blank_end] fermenters - 24 hours- Aslow
- BHind-gut
- CFore-gut
22Descibe the caecum & colon
• In [blank_start]most[blank_end] [blank_start]species[blank_end] caecum & colon form continuous compartment
• In horses caecum separated from colon by [blank_start]caeco[blank_end]-[blank_start]colic[blank_end] [blank_start]valve[blank_end]
• Separate fermentation compartment with no [blank_start]retrograde[blank_end] flow of material from colon to caecum- Amost
- Bspecies
- Ccaeco
- Dcolic
- Evalve
- Fretrograde
23Explain Caecal contraction
• [blank_start]Segmental[blank_end] contractions [blank_start]principal[blank_end] type
• Maintains high microbial activity for [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end] and [blank_start]absorption[blank_end]
• Mass contractions occur every [blank_start]3-5[blank_end] mins
• Co-ordinated contraction of entire [blank_start]caecum[blank_end]
• Mass evacuation of caecal contents into [blank_start]colon[blank_end]
• Similar to [blank_start]peristaltic[blank_end] contractions but smooth muscle contracts for [blank_start]longer[blank_end]- ASegmental
- Bprincipal
- Cfermentation
- Dabsorption
- E3-5
- Fcaecum
- Gcolon
- Hperistaltic
- Ilonger
24Explain Colonic contractions
• Main contractions are [blank_start]segmental[blank_end], [blank_start]peristaltic[blank_end] & [blank_start]anti-peristaltic[blank_end]
• Anti-peristaltic contractions more prominent in [blank_start]proximal[blank_end] [blank_start]colon[blank_end]
• Retrograde flow of material back into [blank_start]caecum[blank_end]- Asegmental
- Bperistaltic
- Canti-peristaltic
- Dproximal
- Ecolon
- Fcaecum
25Colonic contractions in Horse
Anti-peristaltic contractions occur principally in distal part of [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] colon
Slow movement of passage of [blank_start]chyme[blank_end] from ventral to [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] colon via [blank_start]pelvic[blank_end] flexure
Only small particles / well fermented material can pass via [blank_start]pelvic[blank_end] [blank_start]flexure[blank_end] into dorsal colon
Ensures slow enough transit time to allow efficient [blank_start]fermentation[blank_end]
Omnivores / carnivores also have mass movement contractions in colon for evacuation- Aventral
- Bchyme
- Cdorsal
- Dpelvic
- Epelvic
- Fflexure
- Gfermentation
26Describe the importance of equine abdominal anatomy in diagnosing equine colic
Equine colic
• Clinical sign of [blank_start]abdominal[blank_end] [blank_start]pain[blank_end]
• True colic relates to [blank_start]gastro[blank_end]-[blank_start]intestinal[blank_end] pain
• False colic relates to other [blank_start]abdominal[blank_end] [blank_start]organ[blank_end] pain (e.g. bladder, kidney, uterus etc)- Aabdominal
- Bpain
- Cgastro
- Dintestinal
- Eabdominal
- Forgan
27Abdominal auscultation - Normal sounds
• Left dorsal - [blank_start]small intestine[blank_end] / [blank_start]small colon[blank_end]
Fluidy in nature, higher pitch
• Left ventral - [blank_start]pelvic flexure[blank_end]
• Right dorsal / ventral - [blank_start]caecum[blank_end]
Loud, sound like toilet flushing (emptying of caecum via caeco-colic valve)- Asmall colon
- Bsmall intestine
- Cpelvic flexure
- Dcaecum
28Abdominal ausculation - Abnormal Sounds
• Increased frequency
[blank_start]Enteritis[blank_end]
[blank_start]Spasmodic[blank_end] [blank_start]colic[blank_end]
• Tympanitic
[blank_start]Gut[blank_end] [blank_start]distension[blank_end] with gas
[blank_start]Obstruction[blank_end]
• Decreased frequency
[blank_start]Ileus[blank_end]
[blank_start]Obstruction[blank_end]- AEnteritis
- BSpasmodic
- Ccolic
- Ddistension
- EGut
- FObstruction
- GIleus
- HObstruction
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- GI Quiz on GI - Equine , created by hanna sayedi on 30/01/2019.
- Author
- hanna sayedi
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- English
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