GI - Ruminant stomach

1. 1Define
   • [blank_start]Mastication[blank_end] = chewing
   • [blank_start]Regurgitation[blank_end] - Passive transfer of stomach contents to oral cavity for re-mastication
   • [blank_start]Re-mastication[blank_end] - Additional chewing of fibrous material that has been regurgitated
   • [blank_start]Rumination[blank_end] - The entire process of regurgitation, re-mastication and re-deglutition (chewing the cud)
   • [blank_start]Eructation[blank_end] - Expulsion of gas from the stomach (belching / burping)
   • [blank_start]Peristalsis[blank_end] - Aboral movement of food down the GI tract by controlled contraction / relaxation of associated muscles
   • [blank_start]Reverse[blank_end] [blank_start]peristalsis[blank_end] ([blank_start]anti-peristalsis[blank_end]) - As above but towards the mouth instead of away from
   

   1. AMastication
   2. BRegurgitation
   3. CRe-mastication
   4. DRumination
   5. EEructation
   6. FPeristalsis
   7. GReverse
   8. Hperistalsis
   9. Ianti-peristalsis
2. 2Name the 3 parts of the rumen forestomach
   [blank_start]Reticulum[blank_end], [blank_start]rumen[blank_end] + [blank_start]omasum[blank_end]

   1. AReticulum
   2. Brumen
   3. Comasum
3. 3What is the ruminants equivilence to the simple stomach
   [blank_start]Abomasum[blank_end]

   1. AAbomasum
4. 4What part of the fermentation chamber has a structure similar to honeycomb lattice
   [blank_start]Reticulum[blank_end]
   

   1. AReticulum
5. 5What 2 parts is the rumen split into
   [blank_start]Dorsal[blank_end] and [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] sac divided by [blank_start]longitudinal[blank_end] groove

   1. ADorsal
   2. Bventral
   3. Clongitudinal
6. 6Where is completely fermented material likely to sit
   At [blank_start]bottom[blank_end] since this is where denser material collects.
   In [blank_start]reticulum[blank_end] / [blank_start]cranio[blank_end] [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] blind sac + [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] sac of rumen

   1. Abottom
   2. Breticulum
   3. Ccranio
   4. Ddorsal
   5. Eventral
7. 7What are the functions of the papillae
   [blank_start]Increases[blank_end] surface area

   1. AIncreases
8. 8What is the histology of the forstomach
   Statified sqamous epi
   Stratum [blank_start]corneum[blank_end] (keritinised layer)
   Strutum [blank_start]granuosum[blank_end] (tight junctions limiting diffusion)
   Strutum [blank_start]basale[blank_end] (cell division and cells migrate to lumen)
   Capillaries for absorption of diffused substances

   1. Acorneum
   2. Bgranuosum
   3. Cbasale
9. 9What is the main function of the omasum
   To regulate food moving out the rumen via the [blank_start]reticulo omasal orifice[blank_end] and has multiple [blank_start]leaves[blank_end] with [blank_start]papillae[blank_end] to increase surface area

   1. Areticulo omasal orifice
   2. Bleaves
   3. Cpapillae
10. 10What epithelium is found in the abomasum
    [blank_start]Columnar[blank_end] epithelium with glands secreting [blank_start]HCL[blank_end] and [blank_start]pepsinogen[blank_end] and also [blank_start]renin[blank_end] in younger animals to retain milk in abomasum for longer

    1. AColumnar
    2. BHCL
    3. Cpepsinogen
    4. Drenin

11. 11Where do large particles tend to sit in the rumen
    In the [blank_start]bottom[blank_end] of the [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] sac at the level of the [blank_start]oesophagus[blank_end]

    1. Abottom
    2. Bdorsal
    3. Coesophagus
12. 12Where does gas collect in the rumen
    At the [blank_start]top[blank_end] o the [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] sac

    1. Atop
    2. Bdorsal
13. 13What are the 3 types of motility in the fermentation chamber
    [blank_start]Primary[blank_end] - mixing of contents during fermentation and eating
    [blank_start]Secondary[blank_end] - removes gas from dorsal sac
    [blank_start]Rumination[blank_end] - regurgitation / remastication / reswallowing

    1. APrimary
    2. BSecondary
    3. CRumination
14. 14What happens during primary contractions
    1st [blank_start]reticular[blank_end] contraction - [blank_start]coarse[blank_end] material towards central / dorsal rumen
    2nd reticular contraction - [blank_start]fermented[blank_end] material moved into cranial blind sac + small volume through the verticuloomasal orifice into the omasum
    3rd - [blank_start]cranial[blank_end] blind sac contraction moderatly fermented material into dorsal and well fermented material into the reticulum
    Dorsal sac contraction (backwards) - overall [blank_start]circular[blank_end] movement of content in dorsal sac with some exchange with ventral sac
    4th ventral sac contractions ([blank_start]backwards[blank_end]) - overall circular movement of contents in ventral sac with some exchnage with dorsal sac while well fermented material spill over into [blank_start]cranial[blank_end] blind sac

    1. Areticular
    2. Bcoarse
    3. Cfermented
    4. Dcranial
    5. Ecircular
    6. Fbackwards
    7. Gcranial
15. 15What is the difference between primary and rumination contractions
    There is [blank_start]extra[blank_end] [blank_start]reticular[blank_end] contraction with coarse materials taht stimulates this at the start of primary contractions to move material up into the oestophagus by [blank_start]anti perisatalsis[blank_end] via stimulation of the [blank_start]oesophageal[blank_end] opening

    1. Aextra
    2. Breticular
    3. Canti perisatalsis
    4. Doesophageal
16. 16What regulates fore stomach mobility
    Mainly [blank_start]autonomic[blank_end] [blank_start]long[blank_end] reflexes with both the [blank_start]afferent[blank_end] and [blank_start]efferent[blank_end] fibres travelling in the vagus nerve
    [blank_start]Vago vagal[blank_end] reflex
    
    2 types of sensory cell containing:
    • [blank_start]Tension[blank_end] receptors
    • Both [blank_start]mechano[blank_end] & [blank_start]chemo[blank_end]-receptors
    
    

    1. Aautonomic
    2. Blong
    3. Cafferent
    4. Defferent
    5. EVago vagal
    6. FTension
    7. Gmechano
    8. Hchemo
17. 17Regulation of motility
    
    Stimulation
    • [blank_start]Tension[blank_end] receptor containing cells
    • In series with [blank_start]smooth[blank_end] muscle cells & sensitive to moderate [blank_start]stretch[blank_end] of rumen walls
    • Concentrated around oesophageal [blank_start]opening[blank_end], oesophageal [blank_start]groove[blank_end], reticulum [blank_start]wall[blank_end], rumen [blank_start]pillars[blank_end] & cranio-dorsal [blank_start]blind[blank_end] [blank_start]sac[blank_end] wall
    • [blank_start]INCREASE[blank_end] motility
    
    Inhibition
    • [blank_start]Mechano[blank_end]- & [blank_start]Chemo[blank_end]-receptor containing cells
    • Sensitive to severe [blank_start]stretch[blank_end], pH, osmolarity & VFA concentration
    • Located in basal layer of rumen epithelium (epithelial receptors)
    • [blank_start]DECREASE[blank_end] motility
    
    

    1. AINCREASE
    2. BDECREASE
    3. Csmooth
    4. DTension
    5. EMechano
    6. FChemo
    7. Gstretch
    8. Hopening
    9. Igroove
    10. Jwall
    11. Kpillars
    12. Lblind
    13. Msac
    14. Nstretch
18. 18What is the function of the sub-group of sensors around reticulo-omasal orifice
    • Release [blank_start]VIP[blank_end] (vasoactive intestinal peptide)
    • Relaxation of [blank_start]reticulo[blank_end]-[blank_start]omasal[blank_end] [blank_start]sphincter[blank_end] during 2nd reticular contraction
    • [blank_start]Increases[blank_end] rate of passage of food
    

    1. AVIP
    2. Breticulo
    3. Comasal
    4. Dsphincter
    5. EIncreases
19. 19What occurs with abnoral motility
    Theres a severe distension of the forestomach e.g during bloat + large drop in [blank_start]PH[blank_end] causing rumen [blank_start]acidosis[blank_end].
    As a result there is a decrease in [blank_start]motility[blank_end] + the rate of passage of food

    1. APH
    2. Bacidosis
    3. Cmotility
20. 20What is the central control of motility
    Dorsal vagal nuclei in medulla regulating ruminal contraction frequency + their force
    Receives input from [blank_start]olfactory[blank_end] organ - taste buds + oral cavity stretch receptors
    Stress caused sever redirection in motility via brain control hence health can be determined from strength + frequency of ruminal contractons

    1. Aolfactory
21. 21What is not developed initially as neonate
    At birth the [blank_start]abomasums[blank_end] developed but not the [blank_start]forestomach[blank_end]
    
    When does the forestomach start to develop
    When lamb starts to eat [blank_start]roughage[blank_end]
    
    Where does the oesophageal groove run from and to
    [blank_start]Oesophagus[blank_end] to [blank_start]reticulo omasal orfice[blank_end]

    1. Aabomasums
    2. Bforestomach
    3. Croughage
    4. DOesophagus
    5. Ereticulo omasal orfice
22. 22Why is it important to not feed cold milk to young animals
    Cold milk prevents complete curing over of lips to form a tube and so the milk can spil over into the [blank_start]reticulorumen[blank_end] rather then straight into [blank_start]omasum[blank_end] then [blank_start]abomasum[blank_end] to avoid fermentation
    Lactose is therefore fermented to [blank_start]lactic[blank_end] acid + other organic acids with an adverse effect on developing miroorganism
    - can cause D+

    1. Areticulorumen
    2. Bomasum
    3. Cabomasum
    4. Dlactic
23. 23What is the main energy source of microbes
    [blank_start]Carbohydrate[blank_end]

    1. ACarbohydrate
24. 24What are the 2 ways proprionate can be formed
    Can be formed form [blank_start]lactate[blank_end] or via [blank_start]anaerobic[blank_end] glycolysis of [blank_start]pyruvate[blank_end]
    

    1. Alactate
    2. Banaerobic
    3. Cpyruvate
25. 25What is the purpose of methane producers
    Methane producers reduce CO in to CH4 via oxidation of [blank_start]NADH[blank_end] to [blank_start]NAD[blank_end]+ and so supplies NAD+ for bacterial [blank_start]glycolysis[blank_end].
    It also reduces H+ ions helping maintain ideal rumen [blank_start]PH[blank_end]
    

    1. ANADH
    2. BNAD
    3. Cglycolysis
    4. DPH
26. 26Describe the metabolism of NPN
    e.g amides, amines, nucleic acid, urea , ammonian ions.
    Ruminants can utilise NPN for proetin synthesis since NPN - [blank_start]NH3[blank_end] - [blank_start]AAs[blank_end] - Protein
    Micorbial protein can then be digested in the [blank_start]stomach[blank_end] / [blank_start]SI[blank_end] and NPN is essential for healthy microbial protein

    1. Astomach
    2. BSI
    3. CNH3
    4. DAAs
27. 27Does or silage have a higher content of NPN?
    [blank_start]Silage[blank_end] has more NPN since silage has been slightly [blank_start]fermented[blank_end] already

    1. ASilage
    2. Bfermented
28. 28How are dairy cows diets modified for their lactation requirments
    They require more microbial protein so urea often added diets to increase [blank_start]NPN[blank_end] which increases microbial population hence protein availible for [blank_start]digestion[blank_end]
    Due to this microbes msut be supplied with extra energy to proliferate e.g [blank_start]molasses[blank_end]
    Extra proteinn added to diet that passes fermentation chamber as [blank_start]poorly[blank_end] soluble e.g heat treated / corn protein and passes into abomasum /SI for digestion

    1. ANPN
    2. Bdigestion
    3. Cmolasses
    4. Dpoorly
29. 29How is the reticulo - rumen adapted for abosorbtion
    [blank_start]Papillae[blank_end] increases surface area for abosrbtion and is most dense in parts of [blank_start]rumen[blank_end] for abosrbtion e.g [blank_start]ventral[blank_end] sac + [blank_start]cranial[blank_end] / [blank_start]caudo[blank_end] [blank_start]dorsal[blank_end] blind sac

    1. APapillae
    2. Brumen
    3. Cventral
    4. Dcranial
    5. Ecaudo
    6. Fdorsal
30. 30How is lactic acid absorbed by the rumen
    [blank_start]Stronger[blank_end] acid - poorly absbsorbed that [blank_start]VFAs[blank_end] - remains in rumen lowering [blank_start]pH[blank_end]
    When absorbed - converted to [blank_start]glucose[blank_end] by liver

    1. AStronger
    2. BVFAs
    3. CpH
    4. Dglucose
31. 31How is ammonia absorbed by the rumen
    [blank_start]NH4[blank_end]+ predominiates but [blank_start]NH3[blank_end] rapidly absorbed and so the equilibrium continually shifts to NH3 form.
    When is it absorbed it is converted to [blank_start]urea[blank_end] by the liver

    1. ANH3
    2. Burea
    3. CNH4

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GI Quiz on GI - Ruminant stomach , created by hanna sayedi on 05/03/2019.

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