Neural circuits, behaviour and memory

1. 1The modern methodological approach to study new neuronal types is to describe morphology and map the connections to then descirbe the activity and conduct a theoretical study.
   
   Cajal and Golgi developed the first morphological methods to study neuronal types. Golgi's method shows sparse labelling and Cajal's method shows fine details. What are the problems associated with Cajal-Golgi stained retinal neurons?
   
   i. They do not allow for staining of individual neurons.
   
   ii. One cannot combine electrophysiology and morphology assessment for the same cell
   
   iii. They only stain retinal neurons
   
   iv. None of these options

   1. Ai.
   2. Bi. and ii.
   3. Cii. and iii.
   4. Div.
2. 2Patch clamp and whole cell configuration can be combined with cell imaging to show the morphology and electrophysiology in one experiment.
   
   Which of the follow is FALSE in regards to this method?

   1. ACannot label many cells
   2. BLimited ability to label specific cell types
   3. CFluorescent chemicals are added into the electrode
   4. DCan have live labelling
3. 3What is FALSE for GFP?

   1. AIt is stimulated by blue light
   2. BIt is stimulated by green light
   3. CIt is used in fluorescent microscopy
   4. DIt emits green light
4. 4How does GCaMP cause GFP neurons to become brighter?

   1. ABy the fusion of GFP with calmodulin and M13 in the presence of calcium
   2. BBy the fusion of GFP with calmodulin and M13 in the absence of calcium
   3. CBy the fusion of GFP with calcium
   4. DBy the fusion of GFP with more GFP
5. 5In a high resolution microscopes:
   
   i. The wide field microscopy collects light from below and above the focal plane
   ii. Confocal microscopy rejects light that does not come from the focal plane and decreases the area of excitation
   iii. The spatial resolution 1.4X greater than other imaging methods
   iv. All of the above

   1. Ai. and ii.
   2. Bi. and iii.
   3. Cii. and iii.
   4. Di.v
6. 6Certain neurons can be stimulated by light and modify neuronal activity. Which of the following statements is FASLE?

   1. AChannelrhodopsin is activated by yellow light and results in the cell hyperpolarising
   2. BChannelrhodopsin is activated by 460nm light and results in the cell depolarising
   3. CHalorhodopsin is activated by yellow light and results in the cell hyperpolarising
   4. DHalorhodopsin is activated by 570nm light and results in the cell hyperpolarising
7. 7High resolution images of all body tissues can be safely produced by MRI scanners. What makes these scanners so safe?

   1. AThey use powerful magnets to elicit a signal from the protons contained in the water molecules of the body
   2. BThey use powerful magnets to elicit a signal from the electrons contained in the water molecules of the body
   3. CThe inert magnetism removes all of the protons from the body
   4. DThey use ionising radiation like X-rays or CAT/ PET scans
8. 8In MRIs the charged particles (protons) are accelerating as they spin on their axis and they emit electromagnetic waves. In the brain when the external magnetic field is applied at radio frequencies causing the protons to wobble and produce detectable signals (T1 and T2). Which of the following statements are true for the MRI scanning process.
   
   i. Protons dephase when the magnet is turned off
   ii. T1 represents dephasing and T2 is recovery
   iii. Recovery is faster than dephasing
   iv. Dephasing occurs more quickly in denser mediums
   

   1. Ai. ONLY
   2. Bi and ii.
   3. Ci. and iii.
   4. Di. and iv.
9. 9An fMRI is used for clinical applications and anatomical studies. What is TRUE for how an fMRI uses blood flow.

   1. ABlood Oxygenation Level Dependent is the signal that is detected
   2. BThe assumption is that blood flow decreases to metabolically active areas of the brain
   3. CDeoxygenated blood is not paramagnetic
   4. DThe computer compares the probabilities of decreased blood flow and translates it into colours
10. 10What aspects of an fMRI makes it useful?
    
    i. High temporal resolution
    ii. Comparisons between different people is applied onto a standard template which produces a blurry image
    iii. Patterns of activation in subjects can be different with the same task
    iv. Low temporal resolution due to the amount of time taken for arterioles to dilate and blood flow to increase

    1. Ai. ONLY
    2. Bii. and iii.
    3. Cii and iv.
    4. Di. and iv.

11. 11The motor system is arranged hierarchically. Which is the correct order of the hierarchy?

    1. APrimary motor cortex - basal ganglia and upper motor neurons - spinal cord - effector
    2. BPrimary motor cortex - basal ganglia and cerebellum - brainstem - spinal cord - effector
    3. CPrimary motor cortex - basal ganglia and upper motor neurons - spinal cord - lower motor neurons - effector
    4. DPrimary motor cortex - basal ganglia and cerebellum - brainstem - upper motor neurons - spinal cord - lower motor neurons - effector

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Quiz on Neural circuits, behaviour and memory, created by Ishmyne Bhamra on 18/05/2019.

Author

Ishmyne Bhamra

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English

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neuroscience

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