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Questions in this quiz (155)
1*******A researcher was assessing customer satisfaction with MakeMebeautiful, a new beauty product. He had a sample size of 75 and a p-value of 0.10. Does the researcher recommend that the company stop promoting this product?
- AYes, because statistical significance has nothing to do with sample size.
- BNo, because the sample size is large and therefore the p-values are accurate.
- CYes, because the sample has low confidence levels
- DNo, because the sample size is small and p-values are easily affected by sample size
2An HR manager was interested in employee use of company on-site gyms across twenty sites. Different researchers collected and analysed data across each of the sites but the resultant twenty reports showed differing p-values, some sites found a statistical significance between opening hours of on-site gyms and employee usage and others did not. Which of the following would it useful for her to review?
- ALevels of missing data
- BOutliers
- CConfidence intervals
- DThe Null Hypotheses
3A recruitment analyst wanted to examine the likelihood that advertising on social media is more effective than in print media for recruiting the best candidates. She conducted one study where the probability of making a Type I error was 0.05 and a Type II error was 0.2. Does her research have empirical probability?
- ANo, to have empirical probability the likelihood of an effect being detected requires a series of repeated identical experiments, where the probability of making a Type I error is above 0.05 and a Type II error is 0.2.
- BNo, to have empirical probability the likelihood of an effect being detected requires a series of repeated identical experiments, where the probability of making a Type I error is 0.05 and a Type II error is 0.2.
- CYes, to have empirical probability the likelihood of an effect being detected requires a single experiment, where the probability of making a Type I error is above 0.05 and a Type II error is 0.2.
- DNo, to have empirical probability the likelihood of an effect being detected requires a single experiment, where the probability of making a Type I error is above 0.05 and a Type II error is 0.1.
4A trainee data analyst for a large social media company, which has falling site usage, has just completed a study into factors that affect site users’ satisfaction levels. However, he finds only one statistically significant factor, which he includes in his report, but he deliberately omits the other six non-significant findings. What is the term for what the data analyst has done?
- Ap-hacking
- BHARKing
- CMeta analysis
- DBayesian analysis
5Your CEO has followed your advice and now wants you to measure effect sizes. You report a Pearson’s r of 0.50 for the impact of Unblock Me Now drain cleaner on reducing drain blockage time. Your CEO wants to know if this is bad, as she remembers that a p-value of 0.30 is not good. What do you tell her?
- AYou tell her that effect size and p-values are the same and that a Pearson’s r of 0.50 means there is no statistically significant effect. Unblock Me Now should cease production.
- BYou tell her that effect size and p-values are not the same and that a Pearson’s r of 0.50 is a large effect, suggesting she should rollout the launch of Unblock Me Now.
- C.
You tell her that effect size and p-values are not the same and that a Pearson’s r of 0.50 is a small effect, suggesting she should stop the launch of Unblock Me Now until more data analysis is done. - DYou tell her that effect size and p-values are not the same and that a Pearson’s r of 0.50 is a medium effect, suggesting she should rollout the launch of Unblock Me Now.
6********A researcher working in a Human Resources department was interested in gender and sales figures so he conducted a t-test. The mean for males was 66.25 and the mean for females was 78.24, with both groups having a standard deviation of 7. What is the effect size using Cohen’s d?
- A1.712
- B0
- C1.7
- D-1.713
7You lead a product-testing unit for a large pharmaceutical company. Your team has conducted forty trials of a new antibiotic but you are not sure if the results are conclusive enough to urge the company to start producing the new drug. A new data analyst has joined your team suggesting that meta-analysis might be a good idea, do you agree?
- AYes, because the forty trials were identical and tested the same research question and therefore we can calculate an average significance for the new drug.
- BYes, because the forty trials were identical and tested the same research question and therefore we can calculate an average effect size for the new drug
- CNo, because the forty trials were identical and tested the same research question we cannot calculate an average effect size for the new drug.
- DNo, because the forty trials were identical and tested the same research question we cannot calculate an average significance for the new drug.
8You conduct an experiment on whether a new treatment for chronic dry mouth is more effective than the traditional treatment at relieving chronic dry mouth. Analyzing your results, you calculate a Bayes factor of 0.5. What does this mean?
- AEvidence suggests that the new treatment is 5 times more likely than the traditional treatment at relieving chronic dry mouth.
- BEvidence suggests that the new treatment is 5 times less likely than the traditional treatment at relieving chronic dry mouth
- CEvidence suggests that the new treatment has a 5% chance of relieving chronic dry mouth
- D.
Evidence suggests that the new treatment has a 5% chance of not relieving chronic dry mouth
9Which of the following is not a factor in data analysts’ over-use of p-values and NHST in business and marketing research?
- AStatistical software encourages the over-use of p-values.
- BTime constraints within research encourages quick results
- CPressure to get a significant result that CEOs can easily understand and apply
- DCompany bonus structures incentivise ‘results’.
10Your CEO has just read a book on criticisms of the NHST and worries that all company data analysis is now flawed and will lead to huge financial losses. How might you reassure her?
- ANHST does have its flaws but if we incorporate an examination of effect sizes into our analysis, we should be able to trust our research outputs.
- BNHST does have its flaws but everyone else uses it, therefore we should.
- CNHST is a flawless approach and the book was probably written by a disciple of the Bayesian approach
- DNHST is a flawless approach and we need to invest in more data analysts who are trained in it.
11A human resources manager in the IT sector was concerned about unconscious bias in recruitment panels. There were two posts and seven candidates, four men and three women. Theoretically, all the candidates have an equal probability of being hired as they all match the selection criteria. However, the manager has data that suggests that it is more likely men will be hired based on data from across the IT sector and within her own company. However, the manager has implemented many equality initiatives within her company and therefore wants to determine the probability that still no women will be hired. What formula could she use to determine this probability and assess the impact of unconscious bias in her company’s recruitment?
- APearson’s r
- BNHST
- CBayes’ theorem
- DCronbach’s Alpha
12*****Which of the following is a popular effect size for counts?
- ABayesian statistics
- BPearson’s r
- COdds ratio
- DCohen’s d
13A researcher presented a recent study, which showed a statistical significance between increased consumption of sugar and increased tests scores in young children. How can she explain to the chief medical officer that advertising the importance of increasing sugar in children’s diets should not be broadcast in the media?
- AA significant result does not mean that the effect is important
- BA significant result means that the effect is strong.
- CA significant result means that the effect is not relevant.
- DA significant result means that the effect is weak.
14Which of the following could not be represented by columns in the SPSS data editor?
- ALevels of between-group variables
- BLevels of repeated-measures variables
- CItems on a questionnaire.
- DTotal values from different questionnaires
15In SPSS, what is the data view window?
- AA table summarizing the frequencies of data for one variable
- BA spreadsheet into which data can be entered.
- CA dialog box that allows you to choose a statistical test.
- DA screen in which variables can be defined and labelled.
16Why do business analysts use SPSS rather than performing calculations by hand?
- AQuantitative data analysis is so complex today it is essential to use a stats package.
- BIt reduces the chance of making errors in your calculations.
- CIt equips you with a useful transferable skill.
- DAll of the above.
17How is a variable name different from a variable label?
- AIt is shorter and less detailed.
- BIt is longer and more detailed.
- CIt is abstract and unspecific
- DIt allows the use of the +, -, and & characters.
18What operation does the ‘Recode into Different Variables’ initiate
- AReplaces missing data with some random scores
- B.
Reverses the position of the independent and dependent variable on a graph. - CRedistributes a range of values into a new set of categories and creates a new variable.
- D.
Represents the data in the form of a pie chart.
19What is the default setting for variables in SPSS?
- AString
- BNumeric
- CCustom
- DDate
20Which of the following statements is true about coding variables?
- ACoding variables use numbers to represent different groups of data.
- BCoding variables are used to disguise the purpose of the experiment from the participant.
- CCoding variables should never be used in repeated-measures designs.
- DCoding variables are used to randomly assign each participant a unique code to protect their identity.
21Which of the following variable names uses a "hard space"?
- ABirth Weight
- BBirth.Weight
- CBirth-Weight
- DBirth_Weight
22Why might your experimental data file have ‘missing data’?
- ASome of a participant’s responses might be missing.
- BThere has been a mistake in saving the SPSS data file.
- CA participant did not take part in the whole study.
- DNone of the above.
23In your experiment (Q21) you also ask some qualitative questions to enrich the statistical data. What is the correct way to record non-numerical values in SPSS?
- AYou can’t, SPSS only uses numbers
- BDefine the variable as ‘string’.
- CRecode all the values as numbers.
- DDefine the variable as ‘date’.
24If you see in SPSS the number 8.51 E-02 reported, what is the actual value of this number?
- A8.51 x 102
- B85.1 x 102
- C8.51 x 10-2
- D85.1 x 10-2
25Which of these variables would require coding prior to data entry?
- AMarital status of participants
- BScores on an IQ test
- CName of participants (where given)
- DThe age of each participant
26Which of the following is not an SPSS file type?
- A.sav
- B.stat
- C.spv
- D.sps
27*********To open a file in SPSS, you must do which of the following:
- AChoose Data, Output, or Syntax, according to the type of file you want to open
- BFirst convert the file into SPSS' proprietary format before you can open it
- CFirst ensure that the data is free of errors or missing data before you can open it
- DChoose Edit -> Import -> Data to open the "Open File" window
28In SPSS, what is the viewer?
- AThe screen in which variables can be defined and labeled
- BThe screen in which the results of any analysis appear
- CThe screen in which the syntax of any analysis may be viewed
- DThe screen in which data sets may be entered for view
29How would you use the drop-down menus in SPSS to generate a frequency table?
- AOpen the output viewer and click on Save As → Pie Chart
- BClick on Analyze → Descriptive Statistics → Frequencies
- CClick on Graphs → Frequencies → Pearson
- DOpen the variable viewer and recode the value labels
30A café owner decided to calculate how much revenue he gained from lattes each month. What type of variable would the amount of revenue gained from lattes be?
- AContinuous
- BCategorical
- CDiscrete
- DNominal
31
Which of the following best describes a confounding variable?- AA variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.
- BA variable that has been measured using an unreliable scale.
- CA variable that affects the outcome being measured as well as, or instead of, the independent variable.
- DA variable that is made up only of categories.
32If a test is valid, what does this mean?
- AThe test will give consistent results.
- BThe test measures what it claims to measure.
- CThe test has internal consistency.
- DThe test measures a useful construct or variable.
33
A variable manipulated by a researcher is known as:- Aindependent variable
- Bdepending variable
- Ccontinuous variable
- Dcategorical variable
34What kind of variable is IQ, measured by a standard IQ test?
- ACategorical
- BContinuous
- CDiscrete
- DNominal
35
A frequency distribution in which low scores are most frequent (i.e. bars on the graph are highest on the left hand side) is said to be:- ALeptokurtic
- Bplatykurtic
- CPositively skewed
- DNegatively skewed
36
Variation due to variables that have not been measured is known as:- AUnsystematic variation
- BHomogenous variance
- CSystematic variation
- DResidual variance
37
Complete the following sentence:
A small standard deviation (relative to the value of the mean itself)- AIndicates that the data points are distant from the mean.
- BIndicates that the mean is a poor fit of the data.
- CIndicates that data points are close to the mean (i.e. the mean is a good fit of the data).
- DIndicates that you should analyse your data with a non-parametric test
38Which of the following is true about a 95% confidence interval of the mean for a sample of grocery shoppers rating their favourite store?
- A95 out of 100 sample means will fall within the limits of the confidence interval.
- BThere is a 95% chance that the population mean will fall within the limits of the confidence interval.
- C95 out of 100 population means will fall within the limits of the confidence interval
- DThere is a .05 probability that the population mean falls within the limits of the confidence interval.
39What is a significance level?
- Athe degree to which research findings have utility.
- Bthe degree to which the sample mirrors the population.
- Che term used to described research that has social significance.
- Dthe level of error the researcher is will to accept for each statistical test.
40
Which of the following is an effective data collection tool in educational research?- ABaseline surveys
- BActing
- CVisiting a solicitor
- DBrushing your teeth
41
If maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) was considered the independent variable, which of the following would be an appropriate dependent variable?- AMarathon race time
- BConcentration of muscle lactate
- CDelayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)
- DAll of the above
42
Researchers wanted to examine the impact of a high-protein diet (e.g. Adkins diet) in a group of individuals who had been sedentary for a minimum of 20 years. A variety of physiological phenomena such as blood pressure and blood glucose concentrations were measured before, during and after the diet. How might you describe the research design of such a study?- Awithin subject design
- Bbetween-groups design
- Cbetween-within design
- Dindependent-groups design
43
If my experimental hypothesis were ‘Eating cheese before bed affects the number of nightmares you have’, what would the null hypothesis be?- AEating cheese before bed gives you more nightmares.
- BEating cheese before bed gives you fewer nightmares.
- CEating cheese is linearly related to the number of nightmares you have.
- DThe number of nightmares you have is not affected by eating cheese before bed.
44
What is the alternative hypothesis for the following question: Does eating salmon make your skin glow?- AEating salmon does not predict the glow of skin.
- BPeople who eat salmon will have a similar complexion to those who do not.
- CPeople who eat salmon will have a more glowing complexion compared to those who don't.
- DThere will be no difference in the appearance of the skin of people who eat salmon compared to those who don't
45
Assume a researcher found that the correlation between a test she had developed and exam performance was .5 in a study of 25 students. She had previously been informed that correlations under .30 are considered unacceptable. The 95% confidence interval was [0.131, 0.747].
Can you be confident that the true correlation is at least 0.30?- AYes you can, because the correlation coefficient is .5 (which is above .30) and falls within the boundaries of the confidence interval.
- BNo you cannot, because the lower boundary of the confidence interval is .131, which is less than .30, and so the true correlation could be less than .30.
- CYes you can, because the upper boundary of the confidence interval is above .30. We can be 95% confident that the true correlation will be above .30
- DNo you cannot, because the sample size was too small.
46Under a null hypothesis, a sample value yields a p-value of .015. Which of the following statements is true?
I. This finding is statistically significant at the 0.05 level of significance.
II. This finding is statistically significant at the 0.01 level of significance.
III. The probability of getting a sample value as extreme as this one by chance alone if the null hypothesis is true is 0.015.- AI and III only
- BI only
- CIII only
- DII and III only
- EI, II, and III
47What does a 95% confidence interval indicate?
- AThat you are 95% confident that the population mean falls within the confidence interval.
- BIDK
48You are the newly appointed business analyst for a large national bank (250000 customers). At a team meeting, your boss presents the results of a survey of customers regarding their opinion (measured on a ten point scale) of a new financial product. The survey sample of 28 customers yields a p-value of 0.23. How should you interpret the level of satisfaction with the new financial product for your boss?
- AThe result is significant and customers are satisfied
- BThe result is not-significant but the small sample size is not important as sample size has no effect on statistical power
- CThe result is not-significant but the small sample size may be missing large differences in customer satisfaction
- DThe result is significant but the small sample size may be missing large differences in customer satisfaction
49
You are asked to review a nominal scale that identifies users versus non-users of an online journal for primary school pupils. What is the most appropriate measure of central tendency?- ARange
- BMean
- CMode
- DMedian
50
The Central Limit Theorem tells us that:- Athe shape of all sampling distributions of sample means are normally distributed. the mean of the distribution of sample means is less than the mean of the parent population.
- BIDK
51What is a significance level?
- AA pre-set level of probability at which it will be accepted that results are due to chance (or not).
- BIDK
52Which of the following is an example of a quantitative research method
- Astatistical analysis
- BIDK
53Which of the following statements would be considered a two-tailed hypothesis?
- Awhichever one is non-directional (i.e. "there is a correlation" but not saying which way.)
- Bidk
54Of the following results of studies undertaken, which is considered to have been a Type II error?
- AA study of the use of silver nitrate dressings versus the use of acupuncture demonstrated equal healing times for the treatment of leg ulcers within the elderly community. The researchers concluded that both types of treatment were equally effective.
- BA study of sleep behavior showed that there is a relationship between raised body temperature and the number of hours of sleep. The conclusion drawn was that a person would sleep more if they had a high body temperature.
- Cin a study of children’s reading habits at home, a relationship between reading and eating bananas was found. The conclusion was drawn that eating bananas improved reading ability.
- DFollowing the discovery that a person’s pain threshold increases when subjected to repeated electrical stimulation, researchers concluded that shock therapy is recommended for pain control.
55
If a researcher was interested in the average VO2 max of athletes who have run 1500 m in under 4 minutes, which of the following would be the most appropriate for a sample group?- AAll athletes who have run 1500 m in under 4 minutes during the 2012 season
- BAll athletes who have run 1500 m in under 4 minutes
- CAll athletes who compete in middle-distance track events
- DAll athletes who competed in middle-distance track events during the 2012 season
56Imagine we took a group of smokers, recorded how many cigarettes they smoked each day and then split them randomly into one of two 6-week interventions; ‘hypnosis’ or ‘nicotine patch’. After the 6 weeks, we again recorded how many cigarettes they smoked each day and subtracted this number from the number of cigarettes they each smoked pre-intervention, to produce a intervention success score for each participant. Out of the following options, which would be the best method of displaying the results?
- AA simple bar chart with the variable ‘intervention method’ on the y-axis and ‘intervention success’ on the x-axis.
- BA simple boxplot with the variable ‘intervention method’ on the x-axis and ‘intervention success’ on the y-axis.
- CA clustered boxplot with ‘intervention success’ on the y-axis and ‘intervention method’ on the x-axis
- DA simple boxplot with the variable ‘intervention method’ on the y-axis and ‘intervention success’ on the x-axis
57Looking at the graph below, which intervention was the most successful at reducing the number of cigarettes smoked each day in those who wanted to quit?
- ABoth interventions were equally successful.
- BNeither group had any effect.
- CNicotine patches
- DHypnosis
58Which of the following statements best describes the graph below?
- AThe graph shows that for those who used nicotine patches there is a fairly normal distribution, whereas those who used hypnosis show a skewed distribution, where a very small proportion of people (relative to those using nicotine) smoke more than 2 cigarettes per day.
- BThe graph shows that for those who used hypnosis there is a fairly normal distribution, whereas those who used nicotine patches show a skewed distribution, where a very large proportion of people (relative to those using nicotine) smoke less than 4 cigarettes per day.
- CThe graph looks fairly unsymmetrical, indicating that the two groups are from different populations.
- DThe graph looks fairly symmetrical. This indicates that both groups had a similar spread of scores before the intervention.
59What can we say about the graph below?
- AThere is a negative relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked per day before the intervention and the number of cigarettes smoked after the intervention.
- BThere is no relationship between the two variables
- CThe participants who smoked the most cigarettes per day before the intervention, smoked the fewest cigarettes per day after the intervention.
- DThere is a positive relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked per day before the intervention and the number of cigarettes smoked after the intervention.
60A study was done to investigate the effect of ‘motivation to quit’ on the success rate of a new intervention developed to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked per day in a group of smokers. Looking at the graph below, what can we say about the relationship between motivation to quit and the success rate of the intervention?
- AWhether a person wanted to quit smoking had no effect on the success of the smoking intervention.
- BThere were the same number of people who wanted to quit smoking as who didn’t.
- CWe can’t say anything about the success of the intervention because the graph does not take into account the number of cigarettes smoked per day pre-intervention.
- DThe medians were the same in people who wanted to quit smoking and those that didn’t.
61The graph below shows the mean success rate of cutting down on smoking (positive score = success) in people who wanted to quit and people who did not want to quit. Which of the following statements is the most true?
- AOn average, people who wanted to quit were 25 times more successful than those who did not.
- BOn average, success was six times higher in people who wanted to quit than in those who did not.
- CThe average success was significantly higher in people who wanted to quit.
- DThe effect in the population is likely to be the same for those who did and did not want to quit.
62You have income data for your entire customer database. Some of your clients are far wealthier than others. Which of the following do outliers least affect?
- Athe range
- Bthe mean
- Cthe median
- Dthe standard deviation
63What does a histogram show?
- AA histogram is a graph in which values of observations are plotted on the horizontal axis, and the frequency with which each value occurs in the data set is plotted on the vertical axis.
- BA histogram is a graph in which values of observations are plotted on the horizontal axis, and their density is plotted on the vertical axis.
- CA histogram is a graph in which levels of the independent variable are plotted on the horizontal axis, and the mean of observations is plotted on the vertical axis.
- DA histogram is a graph in which values of one variable are plotted against values of a different variable.</p
64When creating a chart using the Chart Builder function in SPSS, which of the following variable types must be correctly defined?
- Ascale
- Bordinal
- Cnominal
- Dall of the above
65Which measure of data distribution is presented as the ‘box’ in a box–whisker plot?
- AStandard deviation
- BStandard error of the mean
- CInterquartile range
- DRange
66Which of the following is not recommended when displaying information graphically?
- AMinimum use of ink
- BInformative labelling of each axis
- CUse of 3-D effects
- DMinimizing the number of distractions
67What statement best describes what is shown in the graph below?
- AThere were 46 hospital visitors visiting during the week.
- BThere were 48 visitors to the hospital in a week.
- CDay 1 is the most popular day for visiting.
- DDay 6 has the least number of visitors.
68What does the information in the following boxplot tell you about the surviving infants of severe idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome?
- AThe median birthweight is lower for those who died.
- BThe mean birthweight is higher for those who survived.
- CThe median birthweight is greater than those who died.
- DThe mean birthweight is lower for those who survived.
69A researcher randomized 75 children into three groups (25 per group). Each group was taught how to perform a basketball free throw using either a visual, aural or verbal learning style. The success of the learning style was determined by the number of points scored from ten attempts. If you were to graphically present the learning style data, which might be the most appropriate option?
- AScatterplot
- BBar chart
- CHistogram
- DStem-and-leaf plot
70For which of the following sets of variables would you not use a scatterplot in order to show your data?
- AAn individual’s rating of pain on a scale and the amount of analgesia taken
- BRaised body temperature and level of depression
- CNumbers of children having measles immunization and incidence of measles illness
- DThe number of people attending a nursing home on a Saturday
71On the chart below, what is the feature at approximately the 65% mark?
- AMedian mark
- BMean mark
- CMain mark
- DMode mark
72Which of the following are important components of graphical illustrations?
- ALabelled axes
- BClarity and conciseness
- CA legend if appropriate
- DAll of the above
73A researcher randomized 75 children into three groups (25 per group). Each group was taught how to perform a basketball free throw using either a visual, aural or verbal learning style. The success of the learning style was determined by the number of points scored from ten attempts. Which of the following would be considered the independent variable?
- ANumber of successful free throw attempts
- BLearning style of group
- CNumber of unsuccessful free throw attempts
- DBoth successful and unsuccessful free throw attempts
74Researchers were interested in finding out how the respiratory parameters in a group of individuals who were diagnosed with asthma responded to a six-week aerobic training intervention. Forced expired ratio (FER, %) is the product of the forced expired ratio in 1 second (FEV1, litres) divided by the forced vital capacity (FVC, litres) and was the parameter the researchers were most interested in. The bar chart representing the mean of the pre- and post-test data and the 95% confidence intervals for the mean are presented below.
What does the 95% confidence interval (CI) in the plot refer to?
- A95% confidence that the mean will fall between these intervals
- B95% confidence that all data points fall between these intervals
- C95% confidence that all data points fall outside these intervals
- D95% confidence that the range falls between these intervals
75Analyse the following box–whisker plot. What assumptions can be made about participant 3 in the post-test data set?
- AThis person has the lowest score and can be considered an outlying data point
- BThis person has the lowest score and can be considered an extreme outlying data point
- CThis person has the lowest score but is not considered an outlying data point
- DThis person has the lowest score but is a borderline outlying data point
76Which of the following transformations is most useful for correcting skewed data?
- ALog transformation
- BTangent transformation
- CArcsine transformation
- DCosine transformation
77The assumption of homogeneity of variance is met when:
- AThe variances in different groups are significantly different.
- BThe variance across groups is proportional to the means of those groups.
- CThe variance is the same as the interquartile range.
- DThe variances in different groups are approximately equal.
78Outliers
- Aare scores that are similar to the rest of the data
- Bbias parameter estimates but not their associated estimate of error
- Cbias parameter estimates and their associated estimate of error
- Ddo not bias parameter estimates and their associated estimate of error
79What is the Shapiro–Wilk test primarily used for?
- ATo test for heterogeneity of variance
- BTo test for homogeneity of variance
- CIt is used to test for problematic outliers that could bias the results.
- DTo test whether the distribution of scores deviates from a comparable normal distribution.
80 A kurtosis value of –2.89 indicates:
- AThere is a mistake in your calculation.
- BA flat and light-tailed distribution
- CA pointy and heavy-tailed distribution
- DA flat and heavy-tailed distribution
81A researcher investigating ‘Pygmalion in the classroom’ measured teachers’ perceptions of male and female students’ mathematical abilities. She wanted to test whether teachers perceived males as being better at maths by comparing teachers’ mean ratings of 97 male and female students. Based on the output, what action should the researcher take before testing whether the mean teacher perceptions are different for male and female students?
- AUse bootstrapping
- BAutomatically delete extreme scores.
- CTake no action
- DLog-transform the data.
82Which of the following is not a way to deal with bias in the observed data?
- AWatsonize the scores
- BTransform the data.
- CUse bootstrapping.
- DTrim the data
83I collected some data about how much buyers of my book liked it (on a scale of 1 = it’s utter rubbish to 10 = I never read anything else). I ended up with a sample of 15,467 people. When I looked at the distribution, I found a skew of 1.23 (SE = 0.65). The mean rating was 4.78. Which of the following would be the best way to decide whether the skew is problematic?
- ASee if the z-score is bigger than 1.96 or smaller than –1.96
- BSee if the skew is significant at p < .05
- CUse the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test.
- DNone of the above because of the large sample size.
84The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test can be used to test
- AWhether data are normally distributed.
- BWhether group variances are equal.
- CWhether scores are measured at the interval level.
- DWhether group means differ.
85What information can you deduce from this histogram?
- AMore women than men are diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease.
- BThe highest incidence of females diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease ranges between 75 and 79 years
- CThe highest incidence of females diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease ranges between 80 and 84 years.
- DThe highest incidence of females diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease ranges between 75 and 84 years.
86What statistical test might you use in order to establish whether a distribution is normal and significant?
- ASpearman’s test
- BKolmogorov–Smirnov test
- Ct-test
- DNone of the above
87Some data were collected about consumer loyalty towards a (relatively) new brand of toilet roll – ‘Wipe-It’ (using a scale from 1 = I’d never go back to 10 = I will always purchase this brand). The sample was 15,467 people. When looking at the distribution, a skew of 1.23 (SE = 0.65) was identified. The mean rating was 4.78. What is the z-score for the skew in this data?
- A1.89
- B0.53
- C-3.92
- D3.36
88Which of the following descriptions refers to statistical bias?
- AThe error between individual observations and a statistical model
- BThe degree of similarity between individual observations and a statistical mode
- CThe error between individual observations
- DThe degree of similarity between statistical models
89Sources of bias can be reduced if which of the following assumptions are met?
- AAdditvity / linearity
- BData are normally distributed
- CHomogeneity of variance
- DAll of the above
90What does the central limit theorem state?
- AAs sample size increases, the sample distribution better reflects the population distribution.
- BAs sample size decreases, the sample distribution better reflects the population distribution.
- CAs population size increases, the population distribution better reflects the sample distribution
- DAs population size decreases, the population distribution better reflects the sample distribution.
91The following resting data were collected from three different sports teams (hockey, rugby and football). Ignoring the sport played, run a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test on the age variable. What is the correct expression for the result?
- AD(22) = .197, p = .026
- BD(22) = .026, p = .197
- CD(22) = .086, p > .2
- DD(22) = .2, p > .086
92Why does a Shapiro–Wilk test sometimes conclude that the data are not normally distributed (i.e. significant) when a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test is non-significant?
- AThe Shapiro–Wilk test is more powerful.
- BThe Shapiro–Wilk test is less powerful.
- CThe Shapiro–Wilk test does not work well when there are a large number of cases.
- DThe Shapiro–Wilk test is a more conservative test
93Using the data from the table in Q91, what assumption can be made regarding the distribution of the age data?
- AThey are not normally distributed.
- BThey are normally distributed.
- CIt is unclear whether they are normally distributed or not.
- DA Shapiro–Wilk test should be run to confirm the result.
94Using the data in the table in Q16, split the data according to the sport. Run a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test on the diastolic blood pressure data. Which group’s data cannot assume a normal distribution?
- Afootball
- Bhockey
- Crugby
- Dall three are normally distributed
95What does Levene’s test do?
- AIt tests the null hypothesis that the variances in different groups are equal
- BIt tests the research hypothesis that the variances in different groups are equal.
- CIt tests the data to see whether they are normally distributed.
- DNone of the above.
96Imagine a researcher wanted to investigate whether there was a significant correlation between IQ and annual income, but she had reason to believe that work ethic would influence both of these variables. What should she do?
- AConduct a partial correlation to look at the relationship between IQ and annual income while partialling out the effect of work ethic
- BConduct a semi-partial correlation to look at the relationship between IQ and annual income while partialling out the effect of work ethic
- CConduct a partial correlation to look at the relationship between work ethic and annual income partialling out the effect of IQ
- DConduct a semi-partial correlation to look at the relationship between IQ and work ethic while partialling out the effect of annual income.
97The table below contains scores from six people on two different scales that measure attitudes towards reality TV shows.
Based on intuition rather than computation, which of the following is the value of the coefficient of determination between the two scales?
- A.85
- B-.85
- C.085
- D85
98Which correlation coefficient would you use to look at the correlation between gender and time spent on the phone talking to your mother?
- AKendall’s correlation coefficient, τ
- BPearson’s correlation coefficient, r
- CThe biserial correlation coefficient, rb
- DThe point-biserial correlation coefficient, rpb
99What do the results in the table below show?
- AIn a sample of 100 people, there was a strong negative relationship between work productivity and time spent on Facebook, r = –.94, p < .001.
- BIn a sample of 100 people, there was a weak negative relationship between work productivity and time spent on Facebook, r = –.94, p < .001.
- CIn a sample of 100 people, there was a non-significant negative relationship between work productivity and time spent on Facebook, r = –.94, p < .001.
- DIn a sample of 100 people, there was a strong negative but non-significant relationship between work productivity and time spent on Facebook, r = –.94, p > .001.
100Looking at the table below, which variables were the most strongly correlated?
- AWork ethic and annual income
- BWork ethic and IQ
- CAnnual income and IQ
- DNone of the correlations are significant
101The correlation between employee IQ and productivity in a factory is .12 with a significance of p < .01. What can we conclude?
- AThat there is a substantial relationship between IQ and productivity.
- BThat there is a small relationship between IQ an productivity.
- CThat IQ causes productivity.
- DAll of the above
102*******For which of these variables would you be interested in finding the biserial correlation coefficient rather than the point-biserial correlation coefficient?
- APublic limited companies or non-publicly listed companies.
- BEmployees passing or failing their CIMA (accountancy qualification) exam.
- CCompanies offering a pension scheme to their staff or not.
- DThe provision of a company car for managerial positions or not.
103Which of the following may have an adverse effect on a correlation coefficient?
- AToo many participants
- BEliminating all possible sources of error
- CRestricting the range of possible scores
- DToo few participants
104If there is a positive correlation between hours spent attending lectures and final grade of degree achievement, then it can be concluded that?
- ASpending more time attending lectures will improve degree success.
- BThe degree score can be accurately predicted from number of hours of lectures attended.
- CStudents who attend most lectures get the highest grade of degree.
- DThere is not enough information to infer anything
105When two variables are correlated with each other and with a third variable, which type of correlation is suggested
- AWeak
- BPartial
- CPerfect
- DNegative
106The covariance is
- AAn unstandardized version of the correlation coefficient.
- BA measure of the strength of relationship between two variables.
- CDependent on the units of measurement of the variables.
- DAll of the above.
107A researcher conducts some research in which they identify a significant positive correlation (r = .42) between the number of children a person has and their life satisfaction. Which of the following is it inappropriate to conclude from this research?
- AThat someone who has children is likely to be happier than someone who doesn't.
- BThat having children makes people more satisfied with their life.
- CThat the consequences of having children are unclear.
- DThat it is possible to predict someone's life happiness partly on the basis of the number of children they have.
108A researcher is wishing to undertake a study of the relationship between a specific type of analgesia and levels of pain experienced by sufferers of rheumatoid arthritis. It is believed that level of physical activity will influence both of these variables and so it has been decided that the use of partial correlations will allow for this in the research. On which of the following should a correlation be performed?
- AType of analgesia used and level of pain experienced, controlling for level of physical activity
- BLevel of pain experienced and level of physical activity, controlling for type of analgesia used
- CType of analgesia used and physical activity level, controlling for level of pain experienced
- DNone of the above
109In order for accurate measures of the linear relationship between two variables to be achieved, what type of data are required if using Pearson’s correlation coefficient?
- AInterval
- BNominal
- COrdinal
- DCategorical
110The following data concerns energy expenditure and perceived pain (10-point Likert scale, where 10 = worst possible pain and 0 = no pain at all) from five cyclists completing a stage in the Tour de France. Complete the following table and answer the question below.
Calculate the r-value (by hand) between energy expenditure and pain. You will be required to calculate the covariance first.
- Ar = .98
- Br = .90
- Cr = .88
- Dr = .80
111Examine the following scatterplot. How would you describe its appearance?
- APositive relationship
- BNegative relationship
- CNo relationship
- DInverse relationship
112Refer to the 505 agility test data (see below), performed with pads and without pads. Analyse the data using SPSS and report the r-value.
- A+.807
- B+.907
- C+.707
- D+.607
113Suppose you wanted to identify the strength of a relationship between the FIFA world ranking of a country’s football team and the subsequent performance in the World Cup. What type of correlation test might you run?
- APearson’s coefficient
- BSpearman’s rho
- CLevene's Test
- DKolmogorov–Smirnov
114Suppose you were interested in the relationship between body mass and basal metabolic rate and calculated an r value of –.79. How would you account for the variability between the two variables?
- ASquare the r-value.
- BTake the square root of the r-value.
- CTake the log of the r-value.
- DDivide the r-value by itself.
115Sports scientists were interested in the effects of anxiety and experience on high board diving performance. All three variables are correlated with each other, but what correlation test could be run if you wanted to find out the degree of ‘exclusive’ variance anxiety had on diving performance without the interaction of the experience variable
- APartial correlation
- BBiserial correlation
- CPoint-biserial correlation
- DSemi-partial correlation
116A psychologist was interested in whether the amount of news people watch predicts how depressed they are. Based on the output, is news exposure a significant predictor of depression?
- ANo, because the bootstrap significance value of news exposure is greater than .05.
- BYes, because the p-value for news exposure is .039, which is less than .05.
- CYes, because the bootstrapped confidence interval for news exposure contains zero.
- DNo, because the confidence interval for news exposure does not contain zero
117A psychologist was interested in whether the amount of news people watch predicts how depressed they are. In this table, what does the value 4.404 represent?
- AThe ratio of how much the prediction of depression has improved by fitting the model, compared to how much variability there is in depression scores
- BThe ratio of how much error there is in the model, compared to how much variability there is in depression scores
- CThe ratio of how much the prediction of depression has improved by fitting the model, compared to how much variability there is in depression
- DThe ratio of how much the prediction of depression has improved by fitting the model, compared to how much error still remains
118A psychologist was interested in whether the amount of news people watch predicts how depressed they are. Based on the output below, is there evidence that a meaningful relationship exists in the population?
- AYes, because the p-value for news exposure is .039, which is less than .05.
- BYes, because the confidence interval for news exposure does not contain zero.
- CNo, because the b-value for news exposure is close to zero
- DNo, because the bootstrap confidence interval for news exposure contains zero.
119Recent research has shown that lecturers are among the most stressed workers. A researcher wanted to know exactly what it was about being a lecturer that created this stress and subsequent burnout. She recruited 75 lecturers and administered several questionnaires that measured: Burnout (high score = burnt out), Perceived Control (high score = low perceived control), Coping Ability (high score = low ability to cope with stress), Stress from Teaching (high score = teaching creates a lot of stress for the person), Stress from Research (high score = research creates a lot of stress for the person), and Stress from Providing Pastoral Care (high score = providing pastoral care creates a lot of stress for the person). The outcome of interest was burnout, and Cooper’s (1988) model of stress indicates that perceived control and coping style are important predictors of this variable. The remaining predictors were measured to see the unique contribution of different aspects of a lecturer’s work to their burnout.
Which of the predictor variables does not predict burnout?
- AStress from research
- BPerceived control
- CStress from teaching
- DStress from providing pastoral care
120A medical researcher was interested in examining what factors influenced patient’s scores in a fitness test. He ran a multiple linear regression, which included four predictors (‘hours spent taking part in physical activity per day’, ‘calories consumed per day’, ‘BMI’, and ‘hours spent sitting per day’).
His model had a R2 of .665, an adjusted R2 of .661, an F-statistic of 112.56 (p 0.00). How would you interpret his findings?- AIt is not a significant model.
- BIt becomes difficult to assess the individual importance of predictors and it increases the standard errors of the b coefficients making them unreliable.
- CIt is a significant model where the four predictors account for 112% of the variance in the patient’s scores in the fitness test.
- DIt is an significant model where the four predictors account for 66.5% of the variance in the patient’s scores in the fitness test.
121An online retailer uses the number of website clicks to predict sales revenue for an online hair-replacement (wig) company. The R2 statistic represents?
- AThe percentage of variance in the predictor (clicks) variable accounted for by the outcome (sales revenue) variable.
- BThe proportion of variance in the outcome variable (sales revenue) accounted for by the predictor variable (clicks).
- CThe proportion of variance in the predictor variable (clicks) accounted for by unknown variables.
- DThe percentage of variance in the outcome variable (sales revenue) accounted for by unknown variables.
122If Forbes includes years of education and age to predict CEO salary, what would multicollinearity represent?
- AHigh correlation between CEO age and years of education
- BA linear relationship of both predictor variables and CEO salary
- CBoth predictor variables correlating with variables not included in the regression model
- DIndependence between years of education and age
123The difficulty with using one regression equation to predict values in a different set of data is called?
- Ashrinkage
- Bcontraction
- Creduction
- Dwashing
124Multiple regression is a technique which?
- Aindicates the strength of a correlation between variables.
- BAllows researchers to predict a criterion variable through an accurate combination of two or more predictor variables.
- CIndicates the percentage of different quotas in a population.
- DIs a technique used to eliminate errors.
125Heteroscedasticity occurs when?
- AVariability in Y depends on the exact value of X.
- BMore error is accounted for than remains.
- CThere is a linear relationship between X and Y.
- DThere are larger values on X than Y
126If more than one predictor is used to predict the criterion at the same time then?
- AThis does not achieve anything.
- BThis is a multiple regression, and there are ways of determining which predictor is best.
- CThis is a multiple regression, and there are no ways of determining which predictor is best.
- DPredictors will always suffer from heteroscedasticity.
127Which of the following statements about the t-statistic in regression is not true?
- AThe t-statistic tests whether the regression coefficient, b, is equal to 0.
- BThe t-statistic provides some idea of how well a predictor predicts the outcome variable
- CThe t-statistic can be used to see whether a predictor variable makes a statistically significant contribution to the regression model.
- DThe t-statistic is equal to the regression coefficient divided by its standard deviation.
128In a research experiment that looks at the levels of anxiety in relation to recordings of blood pressure, what factors would cause your data to be biased due to the effect on the estimated regression coefficients?
- AResiduals
- BOutliers
- CResidual sum of squares
- DNone of the above
129A researcher summarizes her results of research into the use of a specific type of inhaler for asthma sufferers as follows: ‘predictors significantly favoured inhaler use (adjusted R2= .38; p = .015). Inhaler A was the strongest predictor of improved breathing (β = .39; p = .001) followed by inhaler B (β = .28; p = .0015)’. How much variability in the improvement of breathing could be attributed to inhaler use?
- A39%
- B28%
- C38%
- Dnone of the above
130What happens to the line of best fit if participant 4 scored 22, instead of 95, and participant 17 scored 20 as opposed to 90 in the diving competition?
- AThe line of best fit has become flatter.
- BThe line of best fit has become steeper.
- CThe line of best fit has the same angle but is generally above the observations.
- DThe line is relatively unaffected by the change in data.
131Why is the sample size so important to statistical analysis, in this case during regression analysis?
- AIt provides a more reliable regression model.
- BIt provides additional assurance that predictors are from a normally distributed data set.
- CIt increases the chances of detecting a difference if one exists.
- DAll of the above.
132What does hierarchical regression refer to?
- Aknown predictors of the outcome variable are entered first.
- BKnown predictors of the outcome variable are entered last.
- CKnown predictors of the outcome variable are entered simultaneously.
- DVariables are entered based on a mathematical formula.
133Having developed a statistical model to predict percentage body fat, what is the purpose of conducting cross-validation?
- ATo test the accuracy of the prediction.
- BTo test the model on a different population.
- CTo evaluate the covariance within the model.
- DTo measure the degree of difference in the residuals.
134What does the F-test measure?
- AHow much the model has improved the prediction of the outcome compared to the level of inaccuracy of the model
- BHow much the model is influenced by the predictors compared to the numbers of residuals
- CHow much the model relies on residual mean squares compared to the inaccuracies of the predictors
- DNone of the above
135Which of the following statements best defines the term ‘multicollinearity’?
- AWhen two predictors have a combined correlation coefficient of 1
- BWhen there are strong correlations between two or more predictors in a regression model
- CWhen one predictor is a perfect linear combination of the other predictors
- DNone of the above
136A researcher was interested in stress levels of lecturers during lectures. She took the same group of 8 lecturers and measured their anxiety (out of 15) during a normal lecture and again in a lecture in which she had paid students to be disruptive and misbehave. Based on the SPSS output, how would you interpret these results?
- AThere were no significant differences between anxiety levels in normal lectures and in those in which students misbehaved.
- BWe can’t tell any of the above from the output given.
- CAnxiety levels were significantly higher in lectures in which students misbehaved.
- DAnxiety levels were significantly lower in lectures in which students misbehaved.
137A researcher was interested in the effects of emotion-evoking music on exam performance. Before their SPSS exam, a lecturer took one group of students to a room in which calming music was being played. A different group of students were taken to another room in which the ‘death march’ was being played. The students then did the exam and their marks were noted. The SPSS output is below. The experimenter made no predictions about which form of support would produce the best exam performance. What should he report?
- AMarks for students receiving positive music before the exam did not significantly differ from students receiving negative music, t(23.12) = 2.05, p = .052.
- BStudents receiving positive music before the exam did significantly better than those receiving negative music, t(38) = 2.05, p = .047.
- CMarks for students receiving positive music before the exam did not significantly differ from students receiving negative music, t(38) = 2.05, p = .047.
- DStudents receiving positive music before the exam did significantly better than those receiving negative music, t(23.12) = 2.05, p < .05, one-tailed.
138An independent t-test is used to test for:
- ADifferences between means of groups containing different entities when the data are not normally distributed or have unequal variances
- BDifferences between means of groups containing different entities when the sampling distribution is normal, the groups have equal variances and data are at least interval.
- CDifferences between means of groups containing the same entities when the data are normally distributed, have equal variances and data are at least interval.
- DDifferences between means of groups containing the same entities when the sampling distribution is not normally distributed and the data do not have unequal variances.
139A researcher measured a group of people’s physiological reactions while watching horror films and compared them to when watching comedy films. The resulting data were normally distributed. What test should be used to analyse the data?
- AIndependent t-test.
- BMann–Whitney test.
- CWilcoxon signed-rank test.
- DPaired-samples (dependent or related) t-test.
140A recent study investigated whether vodka is less likely to give you a hangover than wine. Twenty participants on a night out were asked to drink only vodka for the whole evening then rate how they felt the next day out of 10 (0 = I feel fantastic, 10 = I can't move my head in case it explodes). The following month, they were asked to do the same again, only this time they were asked to drink only white wine. The t-score was 2.56. Which of the sentences below is correct?
- AIt is significant at the 1% level with a two-tailed test
- BIt is not significant with a two-tailed test.
- CIt is significant at the 5% level but not the 1% level with a two-tailed test.
- DIt is not significant with a one-tailed test.
141What type of data are best analysed in ANOVA?
- ACorrelational
- BRandom
- CExperimental
- DSimple
142A dependent t-test is used to test for
- ADifferences between means of groups containing different people when the data are normally distributed, have equal variances and data are at least interval.
- BDifferences between means of groups containing different people when the data are not normally distributed and have unequal variances.
- CDifferences between means of groups containing the same people when the data are normally distributed, have equal variances and are at least interval.
- DDifferences between means of groups containing different people when the data are not normally distributed or have unequal variances.
143A repeated-measures design would be appropriate for which of the following situations?
- AA. A researcher would like to study the effect of alcohol on reaction time.
- BB. A researcher would like to compare individuals from at least two populations.
- CC. The effect of a new treatment is studied in two groups of individuals with a rare condition.
- DD. a and b
144From the table below, did the independent variable have an effect?
- AYes, there is a statistically significant effect
- BYes, but the effect was not statistically significant
- CNot enough information.
- DNo, it is not statistically insignificant.
145Which of the following would you consider to be an example of repeated-measures design?
- A6 participants are given analgesia and 6 a placebo; effects of pain relief after 4 hours is recorded.
- B12 participants are given analgesia, 6 are asked to record pain level after 2 hours and the remaining 6 participants after 4 hours
- C12 participants are asked to record pain level after 4 hours then given analgesia.
- DNone of the above.
146The value of r (the effect size) is calculated as r = .75 with a p-value of 0.002. What does this tell you about the data?
- AA large effect and so not significant
- BA large effect and therefore significant
- CA small effect and therefore not significant
- DA very small effect and not significant
147In a study of elderly experience of nursing care given at home versus nursing care given in a hospital, the following results are reported: ‘Participants preferred medical care at home (M = 56, SE = 1.34) to being cared for in a hospital (M = 48, SE = 1.23). The difference is noted as t(18) = 4.40, p < .05 with an effect size of r = .72.’ What does this mean in terms of the significance of the study
- AHighly significant with a medium sized effect
- BHighly significant with a substantial effect size
- CNot significant with a medium sized effect
- DNot significant but a substantial effect size
148Analyse the heart rate data collected during a VO2 max test. The data points (observations) were collected at the point the lactate threshold occurred (the point at which blood lactate deviates from resting concentrations) before and after a six-week aerobic training programme. Interpret the SPSS output and decide whether the two data sets are normally distributed.
- ABoth pre- and post-test data sets are normally distributed.
- BThe pre-test data set is normally distributed but the post test data set is not.
- CThe post-test data set is normally distributed but the pre-test data set is not.
- DNeither data set is normally distributed.
149Find the effect size for the cancer survival data using the t-value.
- A0.5
- B0.7
- C0.1
- D0.3
150Assume that for the research into stomach and lung cancer the significance value is set at p < .05 and an independent t-test yielded a significance value of p = .06. What should you do?
- AAccept the null hypothesis and state that there is no difference in the duration of the survival between the two types of cancer.
- BReject the null hypothesis and state that there is a difference in the duration of the survival between the two types of cancers.
- CAccept the null hypothesis and state that there is no difference in the duration of the survival between the two types of cancer, but that it is worth further investigation.
- DThe results are inconclusive.
151When analysing the result of the paired samples t-test, the output presents the following box, but what do the results show you?
- AThe correlation value between the two variables is strong, statistically significant and therefore correct to use
- BThe correlation value between the two variables is moderate, but not statistically significant and therefore should not have been used.
- CThe correlation value between the two variables is weak and not statistically significant and therefore should not have been used.
- DThe correlation value between the two variables is weak, but statistically significant and therefore correct to use.
152Examine the following SPSS output from the heart rate data. Based on 11 degrees of freedom, working to a two-tailed significance value of .05, the critical value for t is 2.201. What can you assume from the output? (The significance value has been omitted on purpose.)
- AThe data sets were not significantly different.
- BThe data sets were significantly different.
- CThe critical value and the t-statistic were too similar and therefore inconclusive.
- DThe data sets are most likely normally distributed.
153Analyse the data below related to days survival following surgery from either stomach or lung cancer. What is the result of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for the patients who survived stomach cancer?
- AD(13) = .203, p = .146
- BD(17) = .175, p = .173
- CD(13) = .930, p = .344
- DD(17) = .821, p = .004
154Run an independent t-test on the data in Q153. A Levene’s test result of p = .006 was obtained. What can we infer from this number?
- AThe stomach and lung cancer variance is heterogeneous.
- BThe stomach and lung cancer variance is homogenous.
- CThe distributions look fairly similar.
- DThe result is inconclusive.
155What is the correct result for the independent t-test you calculated in Q154?
- At(17.95) = –2.24, p = .038
- Bt(28) = –1.98, p = .058
- Ct(28) = –1.98, p = .006
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- Statistics Quiz on Statistics Homework, created by Lindsey Toler on 29/04/2020.
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