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DB 2
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Questions in this quiz (53)
1Neurulation and early patterning during the first months of embryonic development is induced by:
- AInductive signals released by nearby cells that alter expression of transcription factors in neural stem cells
- BTeratogens released by nearby cells that bind to neural stem cells
- CChemo attractants released by nearby cells that bind to contact attractants on neural stem cells
- DGrowth factors released by nearby cells that bind to filipodia on growth cones
2Which statement about stem cells in the brain is true?
- AAfter cell division, stem cells give rise to one neuronal and one glial daughter cell.
- BStem cells in the embryonic brain are present in the ventricular zones surrounding the brain’s ventricles.
- CStem cells are not present anymore in the adult brain after the after the age of 4 years.
- DAll statements are correct.
3Radial growth of the cerebral cortex is established by:
- AA robust increase in the volume of the lateral ventricles.
- BExtensive proliferation of cortical neurons.
- CGeneration of cortical neurons underneath the meninges.
- DMigration of new neurons from the ventricular zone towards the outer cortical layers.
4The dynamic properties of growth cone filopodia are due to:
- AThe dynamic properties of the tubulin cytoskeleton in axons.
- BGuidance receptors that are present on the filopodial membrane.
- CCytokines that are released by microglia.
- DAll answers are correct.
5The direction of growth of a developing axon is determined by:
- AExtracellular soluble factors that form chemo-attractive and chemo-repulsive gradients in the developing brain.
- BMembrane-bound factors that define specific growth paths in he developing brain.
- CThe dynamic properties of the actin cytoskeleton in the growth cone.
- DAll answers are correct.
6Topographic mapping in the retino-tectal system of the frog depends on the correct termination of specific populations of retinal ganglion cell axons at appropriate layers in the tectum. This process requires:
- AA) Different levels of Ephrin expression in different layers in the tectum.
- BB) Different levels of Eph receptor expression in different populations of retinal ganglion cells.
- CA. and B. are both required.
- DNeither A. nor B. is required.
7What is a teratogen?
- Aa) an X chromosomal abnormality present in the developing foetus that causes malformations of structure and functional growth.
- Bb) an agent or factor which causes malformation or malfunction of an embryo or foetus.
- Cc) a and b are both correct.
- Dd) a chemical that induces damage in the adult but not developing brain and nervous system.
8Research studies in mice and in humans provide evidence for the damage alcohol can do to the embryo during gestation. Which of the following statements regarding the effect of alcohol exposure during gestation are correct?
1) Higher levels of apoptosis occur in brains of exposed mouse pups compared to control mice.
2) Alcohol increases the level of Sonic hedgehog in the embryonic mouse brain.
3) Alcohol disrupts craniofacial features and midline brain development in mice and humans.- AStatement 1 and 3 are correct
- BOnly statement 3 is correct
- CAll statements are correct
- DStatement 2 and 3 are correct
9Scientists and the media increasingly talk of an 'autism epidemic' in the last few years. There are many underlying factors that increase the risk of an autism diagnosis. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for a child later developing an autistic spectrum disorder?
- AA specific immune disorder or infection of the pregnant mother.
- BType II diabetes in the pregnant mother
- CUse of specific anti-epileptic medications by the pregnant mother
- DA cerebellar brain injury in the child at birth
10Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by:
- ADifficulties in verbal and non-verbal communication, restricted patterns of activities and interests, early onset
- BDecreased IQ, difficulties in the affective domain, hyperactivity
- CDecreased IQ, difficulties in language, late onset
- DRestricted mobility, attentional deficits, increased metabolism
11Which mechanism underlies the development of correct and specific patterns of synaptic connectivity?
- ASynapses are initially formed at random sites and then specific activity patterns determine which synapses are lost.
- BSynapses are initially formed by recognition of specific adhesion molecules and then connectivity is refined by neural activity.
- CAxon guidance molecules target axons to their approximate location and activity subsequently determines the formation of specific synaptic connections.
- DAll answers are correct
12The reduction in cortical grey matter volume that is observed in normal children is most likely due to:
- AGrey matter volume does not decrease, but increases with age in children.
- BA reduction in neuronal cell numbers.
- CA reduction in synapse numbers.
- DA reduction in glial cell numbers.
13Which developmental processes dominate at neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) and in the visual cortex (V1) in the first postnatal years in humans?
- ACompetitive synapse elimination at the NMJ and in V1
- BCompetitive synapse elimination at the NMJ, and synapse formation in V1
- CSynapse formation at the NMJ and in V1
- DSynapse formation at the NMJ, and competitive synapse elimination in V1
14The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Which answer is not true?
- AStrong synaptic activity results in local degradation of the ECM.
- BIncreased levels of the ECM contribute to ending of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity in the visual cortex.
- CSome ECM components regulate synaptic plasticity via postsynaptic integrins.
- DThe ECM limits synaptic plasticity by promoting lateral diffusion of receptors in the postsynaptic membrane.
15Memories of our early postnatal years are often lost. What is a potential explanation for this phenomenon?
- Aimpaired memory retrieval caused by high levels of neurogenesis
- Bimpaired learning caused by high levels of neurogenesis
- Cimpaired memory retrieval caused by improper formation of synaptic connections
- Dimpaired learning caused by improper formation of synaptic connections
16Which of the following answers gives the best description of the organizing effects of sex hormones?
- ATransient effects during puberty and in the menstrual cycle
- BLong-term effects of hormonal treatment
- CActivation of already existing neural systems
- DInfluence on the differentiation of the brain
17In schizophrenia patients the thalamic filter dysfunctions. Which statement about the thalamic filter is not correct?
- AHypofunctioning glutamate projections from the cortex to the striatum and from the cortex to the brainstem cause a direct and indirect decrease of sensory filtering.
- BThe thalamic filter dysfunctions because of hyperfunctioning NMDA receptors on GABA neurons in the nucleus accumbens (striatum).
- CThalamic filter dysfunctioning causes more sensory input to reach the cortex which can lead to sensory overload.
- DThe thalamic filter dysfunctions because the GABA neurons in the nucleus accumbens (striatum) are inhibited by an excess of dopamine.
18The symptoms of schizophrenia can be divided in three categories: positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. Which of the following symptoms is not a delusion?
- APerceiving the smell of dead bodies in your bedroom
- BHave the feeling that you play an important role in solving the Palestinian conflict
- CBelieve that president Poetin has hidden a secret message for you in his speech
- DBeing convinced that your mother is trying to poison you via her home-made pie
19Related to the effect of alcohol, having more fat (given the same weight, age, sex etc.) results in_____, because____:
Fill in the blanks- ABeing drunk faster; your ADH enzymes work not as efficient in a fatty solution
- BBeing drunk slower; ethanol binds fat better than it dissolves in water
- CBeing drunk faster; ethanol binds fat less efficient than it dissolves in water
- DBeing drunk slower; your ADH enzymes works more efficient in a fatty solution
20To determine whether a drug specifically affects adolescent brain development, one should take into account the following experimental setup:
- AExpose adolescents with the drug and with a control substance
- BExpose adolescents and adults with the drug
- CExpose both adolescents and adults with the drug and with a control substance
- DExpose post- and prenatally with the drug
21Caloric restriction may prolong life-span by:
- AReducing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling.
- BBy shifting the energy balance from maintenance to growth.
- CInhibition of the protein FOXO, resulting in activation of anti-aging pathways.
- DAll statements are all correct
22Cumulative mitochondrial damage is an important factor in particular for brain aging. Which of the following statements is true?
- AMitochondrial damage increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
- BROS causes damage to cells by reacting with DNA
- CROS causes damage to cells by reacting with proteins and lipids
- DAll statements are all true.
23Which changes are observed in the brains of healthy aging humans that show cognitive impairment?
- AReduced functional connectivity between different brain regions and more diffuse activity in prefrontal cortex
- BHyperconnectivity between different brain regions and more localized activity in the prefrontal cortex.
- CReduced functional connectivity between different brain regions and enhanced bilateral (both hemispheres) activity in prefrontal cortex
- DHyperconnectivity between different brain regions and enhanced bilateral (both hemispheres) activity in the prefrontal cortex.
24What is a key difference between protein quality control by autophagy and the proteasome?
- AAutophagy can degrade oligomers and fibrillar protein aggregates, proteasomes degrade monomeric proteins.
- BAutophagy can degrade fibrils, proteasomes degrade monomers and oligomers.
- CAutophagy initiates by wrapping a membrane around the lysosomes, proteasomes by transport of the material into the lysosomes.
- DAutophagy uses the proteolytic enzymes of the lysosome after fusion, the proteasome directly recruits the lysosomal enzymes from the cytosol.
25Which genes are frequently mutated in hereditary (early onset) Alzheimer’s disease?
- AAPP and PSEN1
- BAPP and TAU
- CAPP and APOE
- DAPOE and PSEN1
26Which statement about tangles is true?
- ATangles consist of hyperphosphorylated TAU protein.
- BTangles are pathological lesions observed in all dementias, but not in Alzheimer’s disease.
- CTangles are extracellular protein aggregations in the brain.
- DAll statements are true.
27Diagnostic markers for detecting Alzheimer’s disease in a pre-symptomatic stage are important because:
- Aneuropathology is already in an advanced state when the first symptoms occur
- Bmild symptoms can be efficiently treated
- Cmedication against Alzheimer’s disease does not work well in elderly people
- Dmedication against Alzheimer’s takes a long time to become effective
28Which brain imaging technique is used to detect early stages of Alzheimer’s disease?
- ARadio-ligands are used in PET to detect fibrillary amyloid-beta deposits
- BStructural MRI is used to detect amyloid-beta deposition in neuritic plaques
- CFunctional MRI is used to detect amyloid-beta effects on neuronal activity
- DBrain imaging techniques cannot detect early stages of Alzheimer’s disease
29Which of the following processes contribute to the progression of Alzheimer’s disease?
- AAll these processes are important contributors to progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
- BBrain atrophy
- CProtein aggregation
- DSynaptic dysfunction
30The brains of Parkinson's disease patients without dementia are characterized by ___ that predominantly consist of aggregates of ___
Fill in the blanks.- ALewy bodies; Alpha-synuclein
- BAmyloid plaques; Amyloid beta
- CAmyloid plaques; Tau
- DLewy bodies; Amyloid beta
31During embryonic development, the neural tube...
- Aoriginates from the ectoderm and gives rise to the central nervous system only.
- Boriginates from the ectoderm and gives rise to both the central and the peripheral nervous system.
- Coriginates from the endoderm and gives rise to the central nervous system only.
- Doriginates from the mesoderm and gives rise to both the central and the peripheral nervous system.
32Which statement about stem cells in the brain is true?
- AStem cells in the embryonic brain are present in the ventricular zones surrounding the brain’s ventricles.
- BAfter cell division, stem cells give rise to one neuronal and one glial daughter cell.
- CStem cells are not present anymore in the adult brain after the after the age of 4 years.
- DAll of these are correct
33Radial growth of the cerebral cortex is established by..?
- AExtensive proliferation of cortical neurons.
- BRobust increase in the volume of the lateral ventricles.
- CMigration of new neurons from the ventricular zone towards the outer cortical layers.
- DGeneration of cortical neurons underneath the meninges.
34The direction of growth of a developing axon is determined by...?
- Aextracellular soluble factors that form chemo-attractive and chemo-repulsive gradients in the developing brain.
- Bmembrane-bound factors that define specific growth paths in he developing brain.
- Cthe dynamic properties of the actin cytoskeleton in the growth cone.
- DAll of these answers are correct
35Retinoic acid (RA) is an important inductive signal in early brain development. Which is true?
- ARA production in the rostral part of the embryo (Hensen’s node) is lower than RA production in the caudal part (the primitive streak).
- BCell-surface receptor signaling induced by RA induces expression of HOX family transcription factors.
- CA rostro-caudal gradient of RA defines patterning along the rostro- caudal axis of neural tube.
- DAll of these answers are correct.
36Developing axons that need to cross the midline are initially attracted by the midline, but are after crossing repelled by the midline in order to continue growth on the ipsilateral side. This is achieved by...?
- Aalterations in the expression of guidance receptors at the midline.
- Balterations in the expression of guidance cues at the midline.
- Ca temporary inability of the growth cone actin cytoskeleton to respond to guidance cues.
- DAll of these answers are correct
37The dynamic properties of growth cone filipodia are due to...?
- Athe dynamic properties of the tubulin cytoskeleton in axons.
- Bguidance receptors that are present on the filipodial membrane.
- Ccytokines that are released by microglia.
- DAll of these answers are correct
38Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding critical periods?
- AA critical period is a restricted time window during which activity and experience are necessary for neurotypical development.
- BThe critical periods for thalamic and cortical synapses in the mouse brain are identical.
- CCritical periods occur in subcortical and cortical brain regions.
- DAmblyopia is an impairment of vision that is most effectively treated during a critical period in childhood.
39Which brain abnormalites are associated with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
- AAbnormal numbers of neurons
- BAbnormal brain growth
- CWhite matter / myelinisation abnormalities
- DAll of the above answers are correct
40Which of the below mentioned behaviours is probably not a symptom of autism?
- AArranging toys in a strict row according to size
- BSpinning around one’s axis repeatedly
- CRepeating words when somebody talks to you
- DHaving the feeling that your thoughts are broadcasted
41What is a common observation in a newborn child that has been exposed to heroine, nicotine or caffeine during pregnancy?
- ALow birth weight
- BCancer
- CEmotional problems
- DDecreased hippocampal volume
42The critical period for an organ is the period in which:
- AIn which the fetus depends on the interaction of this organ and the environment
- BIn which the fetus uses the organ
- CIn which the organ is formed and developed
- DAfter which the organ is ready to use
43Topographic mapping in the retino-tectal system of the frog system depends on the correct termination of specific populations of retinal ganglion cell axons at appropriate layers in the tectum. This process requires
- ADifferent levels of Ephrin expression in different layers in the tectum.
- BDifferent levels of Ephrin receptor expression in different populations of retinal ganglion cells
- CBoth of these are required
- DNeither of these are required
44Protocadherins are likely candidate proteins for dictating synaptic specificity. Which is true?
- AProtocadherins are cell-cell adhesion proteins.
- BThousands of different protocadherins are generated by alternative splicing and genomic reorganization.
- CBoth of these are true
- DNeither of these are true
45To determine whether a drug effect is specifically bad to take during adolescence one should take into account the following experimental set-up
- Aa. Expose adolescents and adults with the drug
- Bb. Expose adolescents with the drug and with a control substance
- Cc. Expose post- and prenatally with the drug
- Dd. Both a. and b. are true
46Which statement about Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome is true?
- A30% of women with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome is homo- or bisexual
- BWomen with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome have testes that produce testosteron
- CWomen with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome have XX chromosomes
- DWomen with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome have internal male sex organs
47Which statement about sexual orientation is correct?
- AA gene on the X-chromosome may increase both female’s fertility as male’s likelihood of homosexuality
- BGirls with Congenital androgen hyperplasia (CAH) have an increased likelyhood of being homosexual
- CPrenatal androgen exposure plays a role in sexual orientation
- DAll of these are correct
48The symptoms of schizophrenia can be divided in three categories: positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. Which of the following symptoms is not a positive symptom?
- AHaving the feeling you are the new prophet
- BHearing harsh voices
- CNot washing yourself anymore
- DBeing convinced that your mother wants to poison you
49Which statement about schizophrenia is correct?
- AThe heritability of schizophrenia is high
- BPhysical exercise that increases cardiovascular fitness, improves
schizophrenia symptoms - C6-10% of the cases of schizophrenia are caused by cannabis use
- DAll of these answers are correct
50The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Which is not true?
- ASynaptic activity results in local degradation of the ECM.
- BThe ECM regulates synaptic plasticity by promoting lateral diffusion of receptors in the postsynaptic membrane.
- CSome ECM components regulate synaptic plasticity via postsynaptic integrins.
- DIncreased levels of the ECM contribute to ending of the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity in the visual cortex.
51Cumulative mitochondrial damage is an important factor in particular for brain aging. Which is true?
- AMitochondrial damage increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
- BROS causes damage to cells by reacting with DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids.
- CThe brain is particularly sensitive to oxidative damage because of its high energy demand.
- DAll of these are correct
52Which of the following processes contribute to the progression of Alzheimer’s disease?
- ASynaptic dysfunction.
- BMicroglial activation and immune responses
- CBrain atrophy.
- DAll of these are important contributors
53Diagnostic markers for detecting Alzheimer’s disease in a pre-symptomatic stage are important because...?
- AMild symptoms can be efficiently treated.
- BNeuropathology is already in an advanced state when the first symptoms occur.
- Cmedication against Alzheimer’s disease does not work well in elderly people.
- Dmedication against Alzheimer’s takes a long time to become effective.
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- neuroscience Quiz on DB 2, created by Chris Corsello on 22/12/2021.
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- Chris Corsello
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