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Bio 2 Final - PRACTICE TEST
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Questions in this quiz (93)
1Before the industrial revolution, scholars believed that Earth was only 6,000 years old. What evidence first suggested that this belief might NOT be correct?
- AScientists developed techniques to accurately determine the age of fossils.
- BResearchers saw bacteria undergoing natural selection at a rapid rate in the laboratory.
- CGeological studies showed that the slow actions of rivers, glaciers, earthquakes, and volcanoes shape Earth's surface over long periods of time.
- DScholars observed that new species could evolves rapidly via artificial selection
2Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that changes in the characteristics of a population are a result of traits acquired during an organism's lifetime being inherited by that organism's offspring. What is wrong with this proposal?
- AOnly changes in the DNA sequence of an organism can be inherited. Traits that are throughout life generally do not alter DNA.
- BThe environment chooses which traits are necessary for survival, rather than the individual.
- CChanges in a species occur at the individual level rather than the population level.
3The main conclusion Darwin reached after his return from the expedition aboard the HMS Beagle was that...
- AThe animals living on the Galapagos islands were closely related to those found in England
- BAnimal species are stable over time and do not evolve
- CPlant and animal populations slowly change over time as beneficial characteristics become more widespread
4Biological evolution can be defined as...
- AThe change in allele frequencies in a population's gene pool over time
- BAdaptations to common descent
- CThe process of direct observation
5Four mechanisms can change the composition of a populations gene pool, but only _________ does so by creating new alleles.
- AGenetic drift
- BMutation
- CGene flow
- DNatural selection
6Which of the following things is an example of gene flow?
- AThe selective removal of visually distinctive individuals via predation
- BThe post-bottleneck expansion of a population after the restriction has been removed
- CPollen grains that can transport a gamete hundred of miles to an isolated population
7In genetic drift, the events that affect the survival and reproduction of individuals in a population occur...
- Aprimarily by chance
- Bin a predictable way
- Cin close association with geological processes
8A hurricane could cause genetic drift by...
- Aincreasing the mutation rate of a population
- Brandomly killing more males than females in a population
- Crandomly killing more individuals of one genotype than another in a population
9Peppered moths are generally light in colour and blend into the trunks of the trees they live on. Populations of peppered moths that are found in areas where soot has blackened the tree trunks are dark in colour. This example demonstrates...
- Aartificial selection
- Bnatural selection
- Cgenetic drift
- Dvestigial colouration
10Which of the following statements about the fossil record is true?
- Ait indicates that representatives of all known plant and animal groups originated on earth at about the same time
- Bit contains strong evidence that the major new groups of plants and animals were the descendants of previously existing organisms
- CIt is incomplete, disjointed, often contradictory, and generally uninterruptible with regard to the evolutionary history of life on earth
11The term sexual dimorphism refers to a species in which...
- AThe population consists of males and females
- Bmales produce sperm and females produce ova
- Cthe males and females differ in distinct anatomical ways, such as body size, coloration, or plumage
12The willow flycatcher and the. least flycatchers are similar in appearance, and in many regions of the US, their ranges overlap. The two organisms do not interbreed. Based on this information, willow flycatchers and least flycatchers are...
- Adifferent species
- Bdifferent populations of the same species
- Creproductively isolated
13Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic barrier?
- AThe gametes cannot join
- BThe zygote fails to develop
- CThe breeding seasons are different
14The primary difference between prezygotic barriers and postzygotic barriers involved in reproductive isolation is that the prezygotic barriers...
- Aare related to embryos and postzygotic barriers are related to gametes
- Boccur in species undergoing allopatric speciation, whereas postzygotic barriers occur in species undergoing sympatric speciation
- Cprevent fertilization from occurring, whereas postzygotic barriers prevent offspring from developing or being reproductively successful
15Which of the following must take place for speciation to occur?
- AReproductive isolation
- Bgeographic isolation
- Cpolyploidy
16Sympatric speciation...
- Aoccurs only in plants
- Bis impossible, because the populations of a species must be isolated from one another for speciation to occur
- Coccurs when a new species emerges from a population in the absence of a geographical barrier
17Grizzly bears, whales, mice, and humans are very different genotypically and phenotypically. However, they do share some genotypic and phenotypic traits because they...
- Aindependently evolved the similar traits, even though they are not related to each other
- Bevolved from species that radiated from a common ancestral species millions of years ago
- Coccupy the same ecological niche where similar traits are selected
18Today's diversity of mammals originated with adaptive radiation that occurred 65 million years ago. This adaptive radiation occurred because...
- AEcological niches were opened and predators were removed
- Bthe evolution of a novel trait that gave the animals an advantage
- CIncreased competition led to rapid natural selection
19Fossil ankle bones from the ancestors of whales and the ankle bones of hippopotamuses have the same shape, which is an adaptation for running on land. This suggests that...
- Awhales and ancient hippopotamuses underwent convergent evolution
- Bwhales and ancient hippopotamuses evolved from a common ancestor
- CWhales evolved from aquatic dinosaurs, whereas hippopotamuses evolved from terrestrial dinosaurs
20The first vertebrates to colonize land were _________
- ABirds
- Bmammals
- Camphibians
- Dreptiles
21Which of the following statements about continental drift is true?
- AIt is the slow movement of the continents over time
- BIt encourages gene flow
- CIt has had no effect on speciation
22Why might many new species form in the aftermath of mass extinction?
- AGene flow among the remaining species would be increased, giving rise to many new genetic recombinations.
- BChaned environments and reduced competition would provide opportunities for new adaptations.
- CNew environments would increase mutation rates
23Recent research in developmental biology has shown that the body plans of organisms may be varied as a result of __________
- AHow and when a particular gene is expressed in the developing embryo
- BThe exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
- Cadaptive radiation
24Evolutionary novelties shared by an ancestor and its descendants but not seen in groups that are not direct descendants of that ancestor are known as...
- ACommon ancestral traits
- Bheterologous traits
- CShared derived traits
25Which of the following reflects the order of the Linnaean hierarchy from the highest-level (or most genera) to the lowest-level (or most specific) taxon?
- Adomain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, species
- Bdomain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
- Cspecies, genus, phylum, class, order, family, kingdom, domain
26With the exception of ____, the following kingdoms are placed within the domain Eukarya
- AFungi
- BProtista
- CBacteria
27In addition to bacteria, which kingdom is composed exclusively of prokaryotic organisms?
- AArchaea
- BProtista
- CPlantae
28Students in a biology class count all teh different types of plants in a 3 x 3-foot quadrant on their college campus. They are studying...
- Aspecies diversity
- Bgenetic diversity
- Cecosystem diversity
29At the present time...
- AAll living organisms have been discovered, named, and their relationships to other organisms described
- Bthere is no known consensus regarding the appropriate classification strategy for the currently known organisms
- CThe diversity of organisms on Earth is not completely known and estimates of the number of unknown species vary 10-fold
30Microscopic examination can often resolve questions in taxonomy; for example, cells that possess a nucleus are never classified as...
- AArchaean
- BEukaryote
- Cprotist
31Because plants lack the ability to directly use the _______ present in the atmosphere, their abundance often depends on bacterial populations present within the soil
- ACO2
- BWater
- COxygen
- DNitrogen
32The bacteria Clostridium tetani forma spores in the presence of oxygen. This indicates that these bacteria are......
- AAnerobic
- BAutotrophic
- CAerobic
33Prokaryotes differ in several ways from eukaryotes; one of the most distinctive is....
- Ahaving hereditary material composed of DNA
- Ba nucleus that encloses the cell's DNA
- Cthe absence of a plasma membrane
34What do these products have in common- soy sauce, yogurt, swiss cheese, and buttermilk?
- AThe production of each involves bacterial fermentation
- Bantibiotic therapy often depresses the internal bacterial flora; any of the four can be used to re-establish those bacterial colonies.
- CAll four are modified dairy products
35Humans usually do NOT contract bacterial diseases from other animals because
- AOther animals are only infected with archaea
- Bmost bacterial species only infect one or a few closely related species
- Cbacteria are not transmitted between animals and humans
36Like any disease or parasite, viruses need to reach new hosts to extend the infective cycle, which explains why such a large number or viral infections are associated with the...
- Areproductive and integumentary systems
- Burinary and cardiovascular systems
- Cdigestive and respiratory system
37Viruses may rapidly evolve resistance to vaccines and medications by modifying their DNA; what mechanism(s) do they use?
- AAdjacent viruses form a conjugation tube and exchange DNA laterally
- BViral DNA replication is sloppy; random DNA variations often result in viral proteins that reduce the effectiveness of current treatments
- CDying viruses birst open, and another virus can take up the released DNA
38Cells perform many complex processes; in what way does the membranous compartmentalization seen in eukaryotes aid in these processes?
- ASpecific compartmental membranes can have unique sets of transport proteins that allow the compartment to accumulate and concentrate the necessary chemical reactants
- BToxic by-products such as oxygen and CO2 can be permanently stored within compartments dedicated to waste containment
- CProtecting sperm and ova within membranous compartments prior to their release improves the success of sexually reproducing species
39ALthough exceptions exist, reproduction in most eukaryotes involves...
- Atwo individuals fusing to form one organism
- BTwo individuals combining DNA during the formation of a new organism
- COne individual dividing to make two identical organisms
40The tendency toward sexual reproduction in the more complex eukaryotes suggests a greater number of benefits than asexual reproduction; one potential benefit could be...
- AThe speed of reproduction and the opportunistic colonization of newly located habitat
- BGreater genetic variability between parents and offspring
- Can increase in the number of potential mates
41Most of the cells of a multicellular eukaryote are genetically identical yet may eventually become specialized for specific tasks; how can these differences in cell function be explained?
- ACells absorb differentiating substances from the environment that cause them to adapt new functions and appearances
- BEnvironmental gradients across the body of the organism model the cell in unique ways
- CEach specialized cell uses sets of genes that are not expressed in other cells, thus constructing unique proteins that affect the function of the cell
42What criteria best characterize membership in the kingdom protista?
- AA common evolutionary heritage
- BThe inability to meet the characteristics that define each of the remaining eukaryotic kingdoms
- CA continuous lineage of descent from a common ancestor
43Resolving the relationship between the various kingdoms has been challenging because species often resemble one another; for example, the kingdom ______ contains some organisms that are animal-like and others that are plantlike
- ABacteria
- BFungi
- CProtista
44Which protist life strategy is matched with the appropriate nutritional mode?
- ADecomposer-chemoautotroph
- Bphytoplankton-photoautotroph
- Czooplankton-photoautotroph
45What resources do plants use to produce the sugar molecules that plant cells use for fuel?
- ACO2, Water, and light energy
- BWater, nitrogen, and iron
- CNitrogen and oxygen
46Lignin first appeared in the ferns and their relatives; this adaptation allowed these plants and their descendants to...
- Atolerate the anoxic soil conditions in the swamp habitats they occupy
- Bresist the assault of herbivorous consumers
- Cgrow upward to better access sunlight
47Which statement best summarizes the adaptive value of xylem?
- AXylem is specialized for transporting water and dissolved nutrients
- BXylem cells open and close to admit carbon dioxide into the leaf during photosynthesis
- CXylem is specialized for transporting food molecules such as sugar
48Which statement best summarizes the adaptive value of phloem?
- APhloem forms the root structures that house symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria
- BPhloem is specialized for transporting water and dissolved nutrients
- CPhloem is specialized for transporting food molecules such as sugar
49What capability did the development of a vascular system provide?
- AGreater efficiency at capturing energy from sunlight
- BGreater efficiency for nutrient transport and structural support
- CPermitted plant lift to establish on land
50Gymnosperms and angiosperms are believed to be more closely related to one another than the other major plant group because
- AThey alone possess vascular systems
- BBoth groups protect their seeds within protective structures
- Cthey provide their embryos with stored food that can support growth before photosynthesis begins
51Stommata normally open close throughout the day; however, if unable to close, plant tissues could be damaged as....
- Awater rapidly escapes, causing dehydration
- Bexcess CO2 reaches toxic levels within the leaf
- COxygen escapes, creating a hypoxia within the leaf tissues
52The arrival of a pollen grain on the carpel of a flower or the scale of a female cone is termed...
- Afertilization
- BPollination
- Cgermination
53Although costly to produce, the large number of fruit-producing species attests to the success of fruit production as an evolutionary adaptation; in what way is fruit production helpful?
- AFruits attract pollinators such as insects and birds to move pollen between different plants
- BFruit toxins can discourage potential consumers from eating the plant
- CConsumers eating fruits also eat seeds that, when not digested, can be deposited far from the parent plant
54The main body of a multicellular fungys is known as the
- Aseptum
- Bgymnosperm
- Cmycelium
55In comparison to the above -ground fruiting body, or mushroom, the mass of the underground mycelium is....
- Aabout the same
- Bsubstantially larger
- Csubstantially smaller
56Despite some similarities in appearance and habitat selection, biologists consider the fungi more closely related to animals than plants; for example, both groups __________, a feature completely absent in plants
- AStore surplus carbohydrate as glycogen
- Buse flagellated sperm and nonmotile ova when reproducing
- CUse chitin as a structural material in their cell membranes
57Despite both having a cell wall, this adaptation is NOT considered to have been inherited from a common ancestor of the fungi and plants because...
- AFungal cell walls are incomplete
- BChitin rather than cellulose is the primary structural component of a fungal cell wall
- CGlycogen rather than glucose is a primary structural component of a fungal cell wall
58Neighboring plant or fungal cells share a common cell wall, making multicellularity relatively simple; how do animal cell remain connected to one another?
- ALong interconnecting fibers extend from the nucleus of one cell to the nucleus of an adjacent cell
- BAnimal cells share a common plasma membrane rather than a common cell wall
- CMost animals produce a fiber-rich extracellular matrix to which their cells can attach
59Cephalization describes a body plan that is characterized by...
- Athe anterior location of feeding and sensory structures
- Ba fluid-filled space lined with tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm
- Ca complete digestive system with a mouth and anus
60Radial symmetry occurs much less commonly than bilateral symmetry; the only radially symmetrical animal groups are...
- Aannelids and mollusks
- Bechinoderms and nematodes
- CCnidarians and ctenophores
61Relationships among the animals having body cavities can be easily determined by examination of embryonic development; vertebrates and echinoderms are grouped together because in each group the...
- Ainfolding that forms the body cavity eventually becomes the anus
- Bzygote divides repeatedly to become a blastula
- CEmbryonic coelom is lined with mesodermal tissues
62Which group's adult body plan in properly matched with symmetry it displays?
- Athe arthropods are radially symmetrical
- BThe sponges are bilaterally symmetrical
- CThe ctenophores are asymetrical
63One of the most poisonous marine organisms known is the cnidarian, commonly called the sea wasp or box jellyfish; the motile adult organism is best described as a(n) ...
- Apolyp
- Bcnidocyte
- Cmedusae
64Many of the organ systems observed in vertebrates are present in the annelids, the simplest coelomates; an exception is the ________, which helps explain why earthworms leave the soil on rainy days
- Acirculatory system
- Brespiratory system
- Cdigestive system
65Cephalopods are demonstrably most intelligent invertebrate animals; most biologists suspect that their ______ best account(s) for their intellectual development
- APredatory lifestyle
- Bloss of a protective shell
- Cexclusive distribution in marine habitats
66Fruit flies, blow flies, and black flies share a similar life history strategy; they first appear as larvae (commonly known as maggots), pupate, and eventually emerge as adult flies. This type of development is called....
- AIncomplete metamorhosis
- Bsomatic differentiation
- Ccomplete metamorphosis
67Chitin occurs in several kingdoms and numerous animal phyla, but its greatest adaptive expression is seen in the:
- AArthropod exoskeleton
- Bannelid tube worm cases
- Ctunicate notocord
68The success of mammals is due in large part to several highly effective reproductive strategies, which includes all of the following EXCEPT...
- Athe mammary gland for nourishing their young
- Bendothermy and body temperature regulation
- Cthe placenta for supporting the growth of the embryo
69Snakes can often be found resting on asphalt highways at dusk; what biological factor motivates them to engage in this behaviour?
- ACamouflage - the background colour of asphalt makes detection by owls and other nocturnal predators difficult
- BEctothermy - a snake's body temperature will match the environment, rocks and asphalt cool more slowly than the surrounding ground
- CMating - locating compatible mates can be difficult among the grasses, brush, and shrubs of typical snake habitat
70Reptiles display many adaptations supporting a terrestrial lifestyle; the most significant in reducing their dependency on an aquatic habitat is ________
- Athe amniotic egg
- Bkeratinized scales
- Cectothermy
71Which of the following terms describes all organisms on earth plus their environments
- ABioshpere
- Becosystem
- Chabitat
72The biosphere is considered to consist of all living things and the physical environments where they live. To more conveniently characterize it, the biosphere is subdivided into...
- Aecosystems
- Bbiomes
- Chabitats
73Species that are accidentally introduced into new geographic regions...
- Aare usually plants
- Bhave no effect on the region
- Ccan become pests
74Why does the zebra mussel cause more trouble in North America than in its original home?
- AIn NA, the zebra mussel has a more suitable climate
- BIn its native Eurasia, the zebra mussel has many predators that keep its population in check
- CIn NA, people cultivate zebra mussels and protect them from predators
75Which of the following is NOT a major factor in shaping the climate of a local region?
- AThe dominant herbivorous organisms of a region
- BGlobal patterns of oceanic circulation
- CThe intensity of solar radiation
76Imagine a situation where the prevailing winds blow across the ocean toward the western side of a mountain range. Where would you expect to find cactus as the most common plant?
- AInland on the western side of the mountains
- BOn the eastern side of the mountains
- CNear the shore on the western side of the mountains
77One of the primary forces that cause atmospheric circulation is convection, which occurs when...
- Athe rotation of earth exerts friction on the atmosphere
- Bthe tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation causes the atmosphere to slide toward the equator
- Cwarm air at the surface rises and displaces the cooler air above it
78How can the latitudinal variation of Earth's average temperatures be explained?
- AThe curvature of Earth places the equator closer to the sun and the polar latitudes farthest from the sun
- BSunlight strikes the equatorial latitudes nearly perpendicularly but strikes obliquely at the temperate and polar latitudes
- CMoist air such as that found in the tropics holds more heat than the dry air of the temperate and polar latitudes
79All of the following EXCEPT _________ are examples of the major terrestrial biomes
- Athe polar ice caps
- Bgrasslands
- Ctropical forests
80Terrestrial biomes are generally named based on the...
- Aclimate of the region
- Bgeographical location of the biome
- CDominant types of plant life
81The particular type of terrestrial biome that develops is strongly influenced by...
- Atemperature, rainfall, and altitude
- Bthe animal species living in the area
- Cthe plant species living in that area
82Which of these biomes typically displays the most fertile soil?
- AGrasslands
- Bchaparral
- Ctropical forest
83Which of these biomes shows the greatest species diversity?
- ATundra
- BTropical forest
- CDeciduous forest
84Boreal forests receive relatively little rainfall but moisture is adequate during the growing season because...
- Athese plants don't require much water
- Bthe deep, nutrient-rich soils retain a great deal of water
- Cevaporation rates are low due to the low temperatures
85Coniferou plants are the predominant vegetation in which biome?
- ABoreal forest
- Bgrassland
- Ctundra
86With respect to productivity, why are aquatic biomes more influenced by terrestrial biomes than vice versa?
- ATerrestrial biomes cover more of Earth's surface than aquatic biomes do
- BAquatic biomes are low in nutrients and rely on nutritional input from nearby terrestrial biomes
- CTerrestrial biomes and unaffected by climate and thus are more stable than aquatic
87Zebra mussels were introduced into the great lakes by...
- Aballast water from ships
- Ba massive storm that carried water from Africa to North America
- Cpeople who were cleaning their fish tanks and poured the water down drains in their houses
88coevolution often occurs when natural selection produces evolutionary change in predator and prey populations; a good example is...
- Athe mottled and spotted coloration of newborn fawns
- Bthe speed capacities of the cheetah and Thompson's gazelle
- CThe migration of the monarch butterfly to mexico during the winter
89The removal of a keystone species from a community usually results in...
- Athe disappearance of that community
- Bthe death of all other community members
- Csubstantial changes in the abundance of many species
90The marine ecosystem with the lowest net primary productivity is...
- Athe coral reef
- Bswamp and marsh areas
- Cthe open ocean
91Net primary productivity on land...
- Atends to increase from the equator towards the poles
- Btends to decrease from the equator toward the poles
92In a typical nutrient cycle, nutrients are generally captured into the biotic portion of the cycle by the...
- Aprimary producers
- Bherbivored
- Cdecomposers
93Which of the following would most likely take longest to replace if lost from a terrestrial ecosystem
- APhosphorous
- BOxygen
- CCarbon
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- Biology Quiz on Bio 2 Final - PRACTICE TEST, created by Cadence Vogt on 08/05/2022.
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