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Lesson 11
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Questions in this quiz (40)
1A narrow hybrid zone separates the toad species Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata. What is true of those alleles that are unique to the parental species?
- ATheir allele frequency should be nearly the same as the allele frequencies in toad populations distant from the hybrid zone.
- BSuch alleles should be absent.
- CThe alleles' heterozygosity should be higher among the hybrid toads there.
- DTheir allele frequency on one edge of the hybrid zone should roughly equal their frequency on the opposite edge of the hybrid zone.
2Among known plant species, which of these have been the two most commonly occurring phenomena that have led to the origin of new species?
1. allopatric speciation
2. sympatric speciation
3. sexual selection
4. polyploidy- A2 and 4
- B2 and 3
- C1 and 4
- D1 and 3
3Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) and one-seeded juniper (J. monosperma) have overlapping ranges. If pollen grains (which contain sperm cells) from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells) of the other species, then which of these terms are applicable?
1. sympatric species
2. prezygotic isolation
3. postzygotic isolation
4. allopatric species
5. habitat isolation
6. reduced hybrid fertility- A2 and 4
- B1, 3, and 6
- C1 and 2
- D1, 2, 5, and 6
- E2, 4, and 5
4Polyploidy can be best described as
- Aan error in mitosis.
- Ba form of speciation that commonly occurs in plants and animals.
- Ca condition that enhances gene flow.
- Da condition that could lead to speciation as a result of duplication of chromosomes.
- Ea condition that requires geographic isolation.
5Allopatric speciation is most likely to be observed among which species?
- Atigers and wolves
- Bpollen of pine trees and grass
- Cbats and butterflies
- Dmice and snails
- Eeagles and gulls
6What is true of the Cambrian explosion?
- AThe Cambrian explosion is evidence for the instantaneous creation of life on Earth.
- BThere are no fossils in geological strata that are older than the Cambrian explosion.
- CRecent evidence supports the contention that the Cambrian explosion may not have been as "explosive" as was once thought.
- DOnly the fossils of microorganisms are found in geological strata older than the Cambrian explosion.
- EThe Cambrian explosion marks the appearance of filter-feeding animals in the fossil record.
7Which of the following characteristics should have been possessed by the first animals to colonize land?
1. were probably herbivores (ate photosynthesizers)
2. had four appendages
3. had the ability to resist dehydration
4. had lobe-finned fishes as ancestors
5. were invertebrates- A3 and 5
- B3 only
- C1, 3, and 5
- D2, 3, and 4
- E1, 2, 3, and 4
8Which of the following events would be least likely to trigger an adaptive radiation?
- Acolonization of uninhabited islands
- Bsmall habitats with few vacant ecological niches
- Ccolonization of new habitats
- Dthe evolution of new innovations, such as jaws, teeth, seeds
- Epresence of few competitors and/or predators
9What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth?
1. origin of mitochondria
2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes
3. origin of chloroplasts
4. origin of cyanobacteria
5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses- A4, 1, 3, 2, 5
- B4, 3, 2, 1, 5
- C4, 3, 1, 2, 5
- D4, 1, 2, 3, 5
- E4, 3, 1, 5, 2
10Which measurement(s) would help determine absolute dates by radiometric means?
- Athe accumulation of the daughter isotope
- Bthe loss of daughter isotopes
- Cthe loss of parent isotopes
- DThree of the responses are correct.
- ETwo of the responses are correct.
11On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various, now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences.
Which type of reproductive isolation operates to keep the mosquitofish isolated, even when fish from different ponds are reunited in the same body of water?- Amechanical isolation
- Btemporal isolation
- Cbehavioural isolation
- Dgametic isolation
- Ehabitat isolation
12Speciation
- Aoccurs only by the accumulation of genetic change over vast expanses of time.
- Bcan involve changes to a single gene.
- Coccurs at such a slow pace that no one has ever observed the emergence of new species.
- Dmust begin with the geographic isolation of a small, frontier population.
- Eand microevolution are synonymous.
13A hybrid zone is properly defined as
- Aan area where two closely related species' ranges overlap.
- Ba zone that includes the intermediate portion of a cline.
- Ca zone that features a gradual change in species composition where two neighbouring ecosystems border each other.
- Dan area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring.
- Ean area where members of two closely related species intermingle, but experience no gene flow.
14Prezygotic barriers include all of the following, except for
- Ahabitat isolation.
- Btemporal isolation.
- Chybrid breakdown.
- Dgametic isolation.
- Emechanical isolation.
15Which of these observations gives the most support to the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells?
- Athe existence of structural and molecular differences between the plasma membranes of prokaryotes and the internal membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts
- Bthe size disparity between most prokaryotic cells and most eukaryotic cells
- Cthe observation that some eukaryotic cells lack mitochondria
- Dthe similarity in size between the cytosolic ribosomes of prokaryotes and the ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts
16An organism has a relatively large number of Hox genes in its genome. Which of the following is true of this organism?
- AThe organism has the genetic potential to have a relatively complex anatomy.
- BIts Hox genes cooperate to bring about sexual maturity at the proper stage of development.
- CMost of its Hox genes owe their existence to gene fusion events.
- DThese genes are fundamental, and are expressed in all cells of the organism.
- EThe organism must have multiple paired appendages along the length of its body.
17An early consequence of the release of oxygen gas by plant and bacterial photosynthesis was to
- Achange the atmosphere from oxidizing to reducing.
- Bmake it easier to maintain reduced molecules.
- Cgenerate intense lightning storms.
- Dcause iron in ocean water and terrestrial rocks to rust (oxidize).
- Eprevent the formation of an ozone layer.
18All animals with eyes or eyespots that have been studied so far share a gene in common. When mutated, the gene Pax-6 causes lack of eyes in fruit flies, tiny eyes in mice, and missing irises (and other eye parts) in humans. The sequence of Pax-6 in humans and mice is identical. There are so few sequence differences with fruit fly Pax-6 that the human/mouse version can cause eye formation in eyeless fruit flies, even though vertebrates and invertebrates last shared a common ancestor more than 500 million years ago.
The appearance of Pax-6 in all animals with eyes can be explained in multiple ways. Based on the information above, which explanation is most likely?- AThe Pax-6 gene was an innovation of an ancestral animal of the early Cambrian period. Animals with eyes or eyespots are descendants of this ancestor.
- BThe perfectly designed Pax-6 gene appeared instantaneously in all animals created to have eyes or eyespots.
- CPax-6 in all of these animals is not homologous; it arose independently in many different animal phyla due to intense selective pressure favouring vision.
- DThe Pax-6 gene is really not "one" gene. It is many different genes that, over evolutionary time and due to convergence, have come to have a similar nucleotide sequence and function.
19The first terrestrial organisms probably were considered which of the following?
1. burrowers
2. photosynthetic
3. multicellular
4. prokaryotes
5. eukaryotes
6. plants and their associated fungi- A3 and 5
- B2, 3, and 6
- C2 and 4
- D2, 3, 5, and 6
- E1, 3, and 5
20The phenomenon of fusion is likely to occur when, after a period of geographic isolation, two populations meet again and
- Aa constant number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations.
- Btheir chromosomes are no longer homologous enough to permit meiosis.
- Cthe hybrid zone is inhospitable to hybrid survival.
- Dan increasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations.
- Ea decreasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of generations.
21Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms?
- Amechanical isolation
- Bhybrid breakdown
- Cgametic isolation
- Dreduced hybrid fertility
- Ehabitat isolation
22Two closely related populations of mice have been separated for many generations by a river. Climatic change causes the river to dry up, thereby bringing the mice populations back into contact in a zone of overlap. Which of the following is not a possible outcome when they meet?
- AThey remain separate in the extremes of their ranges but develop a persistent hybrid zone in the area of overlap.
- BThey interbreed in the region of overlap, but produce sterile offspring.
- CThey no longer attempt to interbreed.
- DThey interbreed in the region of overlap, producing an inferior hybrid. Subsequent interbreeding between inferior hybrids produces progressively superior hybrids over several generations.
- EThey interbreed freely and produce fertile hybrid offspring.
23What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries?
- Amorphological similarity
- Bmolecular (DNA, RNA, protein) similarity
- Cgeographic isolation
- Dniche differences
- Egene flow
24In order for speciation to occur, what must be true?
- AAt least one gene, affecting at least one phenotypic trait, must change.
- BThe number of chromosomes in the gene pool must change.
- CLarge numbers of genes that affect numerous phenotypic traits must change.
- DChanges to centromere location or chromosome size must occur within the gene pool.
- ELarge numbers of genes that affect a single phenotypic trait must change.
25How many of the following statements concerning the loss of hind limbs during whale evolution are true?
1. It is well documented by a series of transitional fossils.
2. It explains why modern whales have vestigial pelvic girdles.
3. It involved changes in the sequence or expression of Hox genes.
4. It is an example of macroevolution.
5. It, and the loss of limbs by snakes, are examples of similar adaptations to a similar environment.- AOnly one statement is true.
- BTwo statements are true.
- CThree statements are true.
- DFour statements are true.
- EAll five statements are true.
26A sediment core is removed from the floor of an inland sea. The sea has been in existence, off and on, throughout the entire time that terrestrial life has existed. Researchers wish to locate and study the terrestrial organisms fossilized in this core. The core is illustrated as a vertical column, with the top of the column representing the most recent strata and the bottom representing the time when land was first colonized by life.
If arrows indicate locations in the column where fossils of a particular type (see key) first appear, then which core in the figure has the most accurate arrangement of fossils?
- Acore A
- Bcore B
- Ccore C
- Dcore D
27If a fossil is encased in a stratum of sedimentary rock without any strata of igneous rock (for example, lava, volcanic ash) nearby, then it should be
- Aeasy to determine the absolute age of the fossil, because the igneous rocks will not have physically obstructed the deposition of sediment of a single age next to the fossil.
- Beasy to determine the absolute age of the fossil, because the radioisotopes in the sediments will not have been "reset" by the heat of the igneous rocks.
- Ceasy to determine, as long as there is enough metamorphic rock nearby.
- Ddifficult to determine the absolute age of the fossil, because radiometric dating of sedimentary rock is less accurate than that of igneous rock.
- Edifficult to determine the absolute age of the fossil, because the "marker fossils" common to igneous rock will be absent.
28The hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotes through serial endosymbiosis proposes that
- Aeukaryotes likely evolved from the fusion of small prokaryotic and small eukaryotic cells.
- Bthe ancestors of mitochondria were aerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes, while the ancestors of plastids were photosynthetic prokaryotes.
- Cgenes in mitochondria and plastids are similar to genes of ancient eukaryotes.
- Dmitochondria and plastids replicate in a manner similar to eukaryotes.
29The existence of the phenomenon of exaptation is most closely associated with which of the following observations that natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms?
- AChance events affect the evolutionary history of populations in environments that can change unpredictably.
- BAdaptations are often compromises.
- CEvolution is limited by historical constraints.
- DNatural selection and sexual selection can work at cross-purposes to each other.
30Which of the following statements about speciation is correct?
- ANatural selection chooses the reproductive barriers for populations.
- BSpeciation is a basis for understanding macroevolution.
- CThe goal of natural selection is speciation.
- DWhen reunited, two allopatric populations will interbreed freely if speciation has occurred.
- EPrezygotic reproductive barriers usually evolve before postzygotic barriers.
31Which of these should decline in hybrid zones where reinforcement is occurring?
- Amutation rate
- Bspeciation
- Cthe genetic distinctness of two gene pools
- Dgene flow between distinct gene pools
- Ehybrid sterility
32Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?
- Agametic isolation
- Bthe postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability
- Cthe postzygotic barrier called hybrid breakdown
- Dthe prezygotic barrier called hybrid sterility
33On the following evolutionary tree, the horizontal axis represents time (present time is on the far right) and the vertical axis represents morphological change.
Which species is most closely related to species W?
- AX is most closely related to species W.
- BIt is not possible to say from this tree.
- CY and Z are equally closely related to W.
- DV is most closely related to species W.
34Theoretically, the production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses (mares) and male donkeys (jacks) should
- Astrengthen postzygotic barriers between horses and donkeys.
- Bcause convergent evolution.
- Cweaken the intrinsic reproductive barriers between horses and donkeys.
- Deventually result in the formation of a single species from the two parental species.
- Eresult in the extinction of one of the two parental species.
35Which of the following statements provides the strongest evidence that prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotes?
- AThe oldest fossilized cells resemble prokaryotes.
- BLiposomes closely resemble prokaryotic cells.
- CThe meteorites that have struck Earth contain fossils only of prokaryotes.
- DProkaryotic cells lack nuclei.
- ELaboratory experiments have produced liposomes abiotically.
36Which of the following statements does not apply to Hox genes?
- AThey provide positional information in animal embryos.
- BChanges in how two Hox genes in snakes are expressed results in suppression of limb formation.
- CThey are a type of homeotic gene.
- DThey alter the timing of reproductive development.
37What is true of the fossil record of mammalian origins?
- AIt shows that mammals and birds evolved from the same kind of dinosaur.
- BIt includes transitional forms with progressively specialized teeth.
- CIt includes a series that shows the gradual change of scales into fur.
- DIt is a good example of punctuated equilibrium.
- EIt indicates that mammals and dinosaurs did not overlap in geologic time.
38If one organ is an exaptation of another organ, then what must be true of these two organs?
- AThey are both homologous organs.
- BThey are found together in the same hybrid species.
- CThey are both vestigial organs.
- DThey have the same function.
- EThey are undergoing convergent evolution.
39Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium?
- Amitochondrion
- Bchloroplast
- Cmitosome
- Dhydrogenosome
- ETwo of the responses above are correct.
40Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct?
I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation.
II. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life.
III. The biological species is the largest unit of population in which successful interbreeding is possible.- AI and II
- BI and III
- CII and III
- DI, II, and III
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- Biology Quiz on Lesson 11, created by Emmy Guye on 21/08/2023.
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- Emmy Guye
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