Quiz
Endocrine Labs
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Questions in this quiz (33)
1The adrenal glands lie in the [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] abdomen, situated between the superomedial kidney and the [blank_start]diaphragm[blank_end]. They cover part of the anterior surface of each kidney. The right gland is [blank_start]pyramidal[blank_end] in shape, contrasting with the [blank_start]semi-lunar[blank_end] shape of the left gland
The cortex of the adrenal gland develops from the [blank_start]mesoderm[blank_end]. The medulla of the adrenal gland develops from the [blank_start]neural crest cells[blank_end].
The type of tissues that lies outside the adrenal fibrous capsule is [blank_start]adipose[blank_end], and its gross anatomical name here in the body is [blank_start]perirenal fat[blank_end]
The three levels of cells in the cortex of the adrenal gland are the zona [blank_start]glomerulosa[blank_end], zona [blank_start]fasciculata[blank_end] and the zona [blank_start]reticularis[blank_end]. The cells of the zona glomerulosa are small, and arranged in [blank_start]small clusters[blank_end]. The cells in the zona fasciculata are [blank_start]paler[blank_end], larger and are arranged in [blank_start]cords[blank_end] (also known as [blank_start]sponigocytes[blank_end]). The cells in the zona reticularis are small, [blank_start]darker[blank_end] and form cords that are arranged in a [blank_start]haphazardly[blank_end].
There are [blank_start]longitudinal[blank_end] blood vessels that run between the cords of cells in the ZF.
The blood vessels in the medulla form a [blank_start]plexus[blank_end]. The cells in the medulla are called [blank_start]chromaffin cells[blank_end] and they secrete [blank_start]catecholamines[blank_end]. The small secretory vesicles in the medulla contain epinephrine and norepinephrine [blank_start]secretory granules[blank_end].
- Aposterior
- Bdiaphragm
- Cpyramidal
- Dsemi-lunar
- Emesoderm
- Fneural crest cells
- Gadipose
- Hperirenal fat
- Iglomerulosa
- Jfasciculata
- Kreticularis
- Lsmall clusters
- Mpaler
- Ncords
- Ospongiocytes
- Pdarker
- Qhaphazardly
- Rlongitudinal
- Splexus
- Tchromaffin cells
- Ucatecholamines
- Vsecretory granules
2The pancreas is a mixed exocrine and [blank_start]endocrine[blank_end] gland. The pancreas is lies mostly [blank_start]reteroperitoneal[blank_end], with the only the [blank_start]tail[blank_end] lying inside the peritoneal cavity.
The pancreas lies posteriorly and inferiorly to the [blank_start]stomach[blank_end]. The abdominal aorta and IV pass [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] to the head of the pancreas.
The arterial supply to the pancreas is the [blank_start]splenic artery[blank_end] (dorsal and great pancreatic artery), and in anterior and inferior divisions of the [blank_start]inferior[blank_end] and [blank_start]superior pancreaticoduodenal artery[blank_end]. Venous drainage of the head of the pancreas is into the [blank_start]superior mesenteric branches[blank_end] of the hepatic portal vein. The pancreatic veins draining the rest of the pancreas do so into the [blank_start]splenic vein[blank_end].
The endocrine part of the pancreas, consists of isolated islands of [blank_start]lighter staining[blank_end] cells called islets of Langerhans. The secretions of the acini empty into ducts lined with a simple cuboidal epithelium, which becomes [blank_start]stratified cuboidal[blank_end] in the larger ducts.
Beta-cells make up [blank_start]70%[blank_end] of the islets, while only [blank_start]20%[blank_end] are alpha-cells. Delta cells are also present, and they secrete [blank_start]somatostatin[blank_end] and [blank_start]pancreatic polypeptide.[blank_end]
Blood vessels that pass through the islets of langerhans are [blank_start]fenustrated[blank_end]. Once passing through the endocrine pancreas and collecting hormones, they then pass to the [blank_start]exocrine pancreas[blank_end]- Aendocrine
- Breteroperitoneal
- Ctail
- Dstomach
- Eposterior
- Fsplenic artery
- Ginferior
- Hsuperior pancreaticoduodenal artery
- Isuperior mesenteric branches
- Jsplenic vein
- Klighter staining
- Lstratified cuboidal
- M70%
- N20%
- Osomatostatin
- Ppancreatic polypeptide.
- Qfenustrated
- Rexocrine pancreas
3What are the main tissues that insulin targets?
- ALiver and adipose
- BMuscle and adipose
- CLiver and muscle
4In a healthy individual, blood glucose will be elevated after ingestion of a fixed dose of glucose but within how many hours will the concentration of blood glucose have returned to normal?
- ASix
- BThree
- CTwo
- DFive
5Glucose can be measured with small glucose monitoring appliances. What enzyme do these use to breakdown glucose into detectable intermediates?
- AG6Pase
- BGlucose oxidase
- CGlucokinase
- DGlycogen phosphatase
6What intermediates are produced when glucose oxidase reacts with glucose, and in turn create an electric current that is recognised by a diabetes strip?
- AGluconic acid
- BHydorgen peroxide
- CWater
- DOxygen
7Which intermediate of glucose (reacted with glucose oxidase) catalyses the conversion of the colourless dye in urine strips to the blue oxidised form?
- AGluconic acid
- BHydrogen peroxidase
- COxygen
- DCarbon
8Why does glucose become visible in the urine when plasma levels are greater then 11mmol/l?
- AThe liver stops metabolising glucose at this concentration
- BThe urine glucose strip can only detect glucose at this concentration
- CThe kidneys capacity for glucose re-absorption is between 11-12mmol/l
- DThe kidneys start to secrete glucose into the tubule, increasing concentrations to levels the strip can detect.
9Which hormones and neurotransmitters will be increased during the taking blood procedure.
- AAdrenaline
- BCortisol
- CInflammation response
- DThyroxine
10What are the principle enzymes involved in glucose metabolism in adipose tissue.
- AHexokinase
- BGlucokinase
- CDiacylglycerol acyltransferase
- DGLUT-2
- EGLUT-4
- FLPL
- GGlycogen synthase
- HFatty acid synthase
- IAcetyl-CoA carboxylase
11[blank_start]Red[blank_end] [blank_start]blood[blank_end] cells and [blank_start]brain[blank_end] cells are totally dependent on glucose as an energy source.
The RBCs need it because they have no [blank_start]mitochondria[blank_end] in which to perform [blank_start]beta-oxidation[blank_end]. Ans the brain needs it because the [blank_start]blood[blank_end] [blank_start]brain[blank_end] [blank_start]barrier[blank_end] is relatively impermeable to [blank_start]lipids[blank_end].- ARed
- Bblood
- Cbrain
- Dmitochondria
- Ebeta-oxidation
- Fblood
- Gbrain
- Hbarrier
- Ilipids
12A fasted blood glucose level of greater than 7.8mmol/l is indicative of diabetes mellitus.
- ATrue
- BFalse
13The Pituitary Gland is formed by two parts, the [blank_start]adeno[blank_end]hypophysis and the [blank_start]neuro[blank_end]hypophysis. The adenhypophysis develops from a dorsal outgrowth from the wall of the embryonic [blank_start]pharynx[blank_end]; the neurohypopysis as a ventrally orientated down growth from the [blank_start]diencephalon[blank_end]. In H&E staining, the adenohypophysis is [blank_start]darker[blank_end]. The [blank_start]pars intermedia[blank_end] separated the posterior and anterior lobes of the pituitary.
The outer capsule of the pituitary develops from the [blank_start]dura mater[blank_end] of the hypothalamus. The cells in the anterior lobe form [blank_start]irregular[blank_end] cords of secretory cells. The two that can be seen at high magnifications are [blank_start]chromophobes[blank_end] and [blank_start]chromophils[blank_end]. Chomophobes stain [blank_start]pale[blank_end], while chromophils stain [blank_start]dark[blank_end]. Chromophobes are [blank_start]exhausted[blank_end] secretory cells, while chromophils are [blank_start]active[blank_end] secretory cells- Aadeno
- Bneuro
- Cpharynx
- Ddiencephalon
- Edarker
- Fpars intermedia
- Gdura mater
- Hirregular
- Ichromophobes
- Jchromophils
- Kpale
- Ldark
- Mexhausted
- Nactive
14Somatotrophs secrete [blank_start]Growth Hormone[blank_end]
Lactotrophs secrete [blank_start]Prolactin[blank_end]=
Corticotrophs secrete [blank_start]adrenocorticotrophic hormone[blank_end], β[blank_start]-lipotropin[blank_end], α-[blank_start]MSH[blank_end] and β-[blank_start]endorphin[blank_end].
Thyrotrophs secrete [blank_start]thyroid stimulating hormone[blank_end]
Gonadotrophs secrete [blank_start]follicle stimulating hormone[blank_end] and [blank_start]luteinizing hormone[blank_end]- AGrowth Hormone
- BProlactin
- Cadrenocorticotrophic hormone
- D-lipotropin
- EMSH
- Fendorphin
- Gthyroid stimulating hormone
- Hfollicle stimulating hormone
- Iluteinizing hormone
15Which pituitary secretary cells are acidophils?
- ASomatotrophs
- BLactotrophs
- CThyrotrophs
- DGonadotrophs
- ECorticotrophs
16The thyroid gland develops as an endodermal downgrowth from the floor of the developing [blank_start]pharynx[blank_end]. The [blank_start]foramen caecum[blank_end] at the back of the tongue marks the site of the downgrowth. Cyst-like remnants of the original downgrowth may persist in the adult. At the gross level there are two [blank_start]lobes[blank_end] connected by a midline [blank_start]isthmus[blank_end].
Follicles of the thyroid are lined with simple [blank_start]squamous[blank_end] or [blank_start]cuboidal[blank_end] epithelium, and become [blank_start]columnar[blank_end] when they are actively secreting. These cells produce [blank_start]thyroglobulin[blank_end] for secretion into the colloid. The [blank_start]rough endoplasmic reticulum[blank_end] produces the protein part of thyroglobulin and the [blank_start]golgi apparatus[blank_end] adds the sugar component.
In the colloid, [blank_start]thyroid peroxidase[blank_end] allows oxidation of iodide to iodine and adds this to tyrosine residues.- Apharynx
- Bforamen caecum
- Clobes
- Disthmus
- Esquamous
- Fcuboidal
- Gcolumnar
- Hthyroglobulin
- Irough endoplasmic reticulum
- Jgolgi apparatus
- Kthyroid peroxidase
17What causes Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
- AAntibodies to thyroid peroxidase
- BAntibodies to iodine
- CAntibodies to thyroglobulin
- DAntibodies to pendrin
18What cells are present in a Hashimoto's thyroid that aren't present in a normal one?
- Alymphoctes
- Bplasma cells
- Cmacrophages
- DT-cells
19What receptor type is the TSH receptor on thyroid cells?
- AG-protein coupled receptor
- BTyrosine kinase
- CIntracellular
- DNuclear
20On the thyroid gland, what do C-cells secrete?
- AColloid
- BCalcitonin
- CCortisol
- DCalcium
21What cell types are found in the parathyroid glands?
- AChief cells - acidophilic cytoplasm
- BOxyphil cells - basophilic cytoplasm
- COxyphil cells - acidophilic cytoplasm
- DChief cells - basophili cytoplasm
22Chief cells (not oxyphil cells) in the PTH gland secrete PTH hormone
- ATrue
- BFalse
23Biochemical tests are widely requested in medicine and can be used for diagnosis,
prognosis, monitoring and screening. A diagnosis is based on the patient’s [blank_start]history[blank_end], clinical
signs and the results of [blank_start]investigations[blank_end] which often include laboratory tests.
The ideal biochemical test is [blank_start]accurate[blank_end] ie gives a correct result; [blank_start]precise[blank_end] ie gives the same
result when repeated; and is not subject to [blank_start]interference[blank_end] by other substances. In practice no
test is ideal but results must be reliable enough to be clinically useful so rigorous quality
control and quality assurance procedures are followed. To ensure the reliability of tests
[blank_start]quality control[blank_end] samples are analysed alongside patient samples. These QC materials contain
known amounts of analyte (the substance of interest) and are used to monitor the [blank_start]precision[blank_end],
[blank_start]accuracy[blank_end] and [blank_start]stability[blank_end] of laboratory testing.
No matter how good a method is there will always be some imprecision or analytical
variation in a result. This can be assessed by making [blank_start]repeated measurements[blank_end] on the same
sample. The test results will cluster around the mean and the [blank_start]standard deviation[blank_end] (SD) can be
calculated. The imprecision or error of the analysis is usually expressed as the [blank_start]co-efficient ofvariation[blank_end] (CV%)- Ahistory
- Binvestigations
- Caccurate
- Dprecise
- Einterference
- Fquality control
- Gprecision
- Haccuracy
- Istability
- Jrepeated measurements
- Kstandard deviation
- Lco-efficient of variation
24How is the co-efficient of variation calculated?
- ACV%=SDx100/mean result.
- BCV=SDx100/mean result.
- CCV%=SDx50/mean result.
- DCV=SDx50/mean result.
25What is precision?
- Aan indicator of how reproducible a result is on predicted measurement
- Ban indicator of how close a result is to the true value
26To decide if a result is ‘normal’ it needs to be compared to the [blank_start]reference range[blank_end] for that analyte. A reference range is usually constructed by measuring the [blank_start]analyte[blank_end] in a large group of healthy individuals and if there is a Gaussian distribution of results then statistical theory predicts that [blank_start]95[blank_end]% of the population will have a result that falls within the range given by the mean +/- 2SD. This also predicts that [blank_start]2.5[blank_end]% of healthy people will have a result that is either higher or lower than the reference range.
When the patient has a previous result available, determining the clinical significance of any change in that value depends on the [blank_start]analytical imprecision[blank_end] and the [blank_start]biological variation[blank_end]. The effects of the analytical and biological variability can be assessed by calculating the overall standard deviation of the test- Areference range
- Banalyte
- C95
- D2.5
- Eanalytical imprecision
- Fbiological variation
27How is standard deviation calculated?
- ASD overall = √[SD2(analytical) + SD2(biological)]
- BSD overall = [SD2(analytical) + SD2(biological)]
- CSD overall = √[SD2(analytical) - SD2(biological)]
28How many times greater than the overall SD can the difference between the two results be, before it is regarded as potentially clinically significant
- A2.8 times
- B0.4 times
- C5.8 times
- D13.2 times
29What happens when bromocresol green (or any dye) is added to a solution containing serum albumin?
- Athe more albumin in solution, the more green it becomes
- Bnothing because it doesn't bind to albumin
- Cthe less albumin there is, the darker the green
30Does the binding of bromocresol green to serum albumin lead to changes in the structure of the dye?
- AYes - there is ionisation of the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups
- BNo - nothing happend
- CYes - ionisation of the hydroxyl group
- DYes - ionisation of the carbonyl group
31What are the naturally occurring ligands for serum albumin?
- ACalcium
- BFatty acids
- Csteroid hormones
- Dbilirubin
- EAmino acids
- FGlucose
32What factors are likely to have contributed to the errors in your measurements?
- ASpillages
- BUnclean equipment
- CHuman error
- DMeasuring liquids by eye
- EAutomatic spectrophotometer
33Only calcium [blank_start]ions[blank_end] (Ca2+) are physiologically active and it is the concentration of this form that is [blank_start]tightly controlled[blank_end] by homeostatic mechanisms. Ca2+ is difficult to accurately measure and so in the laboratory it is total serum calcium that is routinely measured which is all that is required for most clinical purposes.
However, changes in H+/pH alter the [blank_start]concentration[blank_end] of Ca2+. In alkalosis H+ [blank_start]dissociate[blank_end] from albumin and Ca2+ binding to albumin [blank_start]increases[blank_end], which results in a [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] in free Ca2+ concentration. This can produce clinical symptoms and signs of hypocalcaemia even though total serum calcium concentrations are not altered.
In acute acidosis the reverse is true and ionised calcium concentration is [blank_start]increased[blank_end]
As approximately 50% of calcium is bound to albumin any changes in albumin concentration will affect the total calcium concentration [blank_start]independently[blank_end] of the Ca2+ concentration. This may lead to possible mis-interpretation of calcium results in situations where albumin concentrations are abnormally high or low. To compensate for this the laboratory applies a formula to ‘adjust’ total calcium measurements and give an indication of the [blank_start]expected[blank_end] total calcium if the albumin was not abnormal- Aions
- Btightly controlled
- Cconcentration
- Ddissociate
- Eincreases
- Fdecrease
- Gincreased
- Hindependently
- Iexpected
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- Description
- Bachelor Medicine (Endocrine ) Quiz on Endocrine Labs, created by Isobel Setford on 21/05/2016.
- Author
- Isobel Setford
- Language
- English
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