Quiz
Perspectives on Relationships
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Questions in this quiz (66)
1In relationships, we as individuals do not really care about fairness in relationships, as long as personal gain is in our favour.
- ATrue
- BFalse
2Hatfield, Utne, and Traupmann (1999) interviewed newly-married couples and how they felt about the current statuses of their marriage in relation to the effort that they put in.
Are we more content when we are over-benefited, under-benefited, or equitably treated?- AOver-benefited.
- BUnder-benefited.
- CEquitably treated.
- DNone of the above.
3Guilt in a relationship, particularly for women, is highest when...
- AWe over-benefit from it.
- BWe under-benefit from it.
- CWe are equitably treated.
- DOthers see how balanced our relationship is.
- ENone of the above.
4Anger in a relationship is highest when...
- AWe are over-benefited.
- BWe are under-benefited.
- CWe are equitably treated.
- DNone of the above.
5People stay in a relationship only when the profit or payoff is higher than when they believe it is better than with someone else (Thibaut & Kelley, 1955).
- ATrue
- BFalse
6Individuals who discover that their relationships are unbalanced will often try to restore equity (Hatfield, Berscheid & Walster, 1976).
- ATrue
- BFalse
7According to Hatfield, Rapson, and Aumer-Ryan (2007) when are the concerns of fairness the most pertinent in a relationship?
- AThe beginning.
- BWhen it looks to be ending.
- CConsistently across the span of it.
- DThere aren't really any times.
- EBoth at the beginning and when it looks to be ending.
8Some have criticised the authenticity of research involving equity theory in relationships, citing that it generally happens in unbalanced (or unhappy) relationships that concerns about fairness are more prominent.
Is this true or false?- ATrue
- BFalse
9In the Aumer-Ryan (et al., 2007) study, when did the Jamaican participants feel satisfaction most compared to American participants?
- AWhen they over-benefited.
- BWhen they under-benefited.
- CWhen they were also equitably treated.
- DNone of the above.
10"People tend not to compare their own relationships with others and focus, individually, on all the variables and circumstances surrounding their own" (Buunk, Oldersma & De Dreu, 2001).
Is this statement true or false?- ATrue
- BFalse
11Wong and Goodwin (2009) conducted qualitative research on relationships in three different cultures (United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and Beijing).
Which of the following were the most important for Chinese and Hongkongese relationships? Select the appropriate, as there is more than one answer.- ACompanionship.
- BEquity.
- CConsolidation.
- DCharacterisation.
- EHarmony.
12According to Wong and Goodwin (2009), British couples find that [blank_start]companionship[blank_end] is the most important aspect of a relationship, whilst Hongkongese and Chinese value [blank_start]harmony[blank_end] more.
- Acompanionship
- Btrust
- Cattraction
- Dequity
- Eharmony
- Fcodependency
- Glove
- Hfamily
13Are the six definitions of love, as highlighted by Watts and Stenner (2013), built on traditional masculine and feminine values, or are they fluid and ever-changing?
- ATraditional values.
- BFluid and ever-changing.
- CBoth.
- DNeither.
- ENone of the above.
14Milnes (2010) argues that society's ideological constructions of sexuality for males and females have an inherent double standard. Men are seen as active, wild, and generally uncontrollable, meanwhile, women are seen as passive and reactive.
Men generally excused for potential promiscuity, because of these constructions, compared to women. Is this statement true or false?- ATrue
- BFalse
15Boonzaier (2008) interviewed male and female couples in which there had been histories of abuse suffered by the women that were inflicted by their male partners.
What was the main draw from her findings?- AThat the men positioned themselves as victims.
- BThat the men positioned women as victims.
- CThat the women blamed their partners.
- DThat the women blamed themselves.
- EBoth blamed each other.
- FNone of the above.
16Jealousy is often a single event in a relationship, rather than found to be developed from a series of previous events.
Is this statement true or false?- ATrue
- BFalse
17Membership categorisation (MCD) devices can be used to denote particular stereotypes to characteristics of other individuals. For example, Stokoe (2010) observed discourses in conversation about men from two women.
"That's men," Sophie said. "That's what James was like on Sunday". The MCD is not about the individual in particular, but about the membership of James and men in general.
True or false?- ATrue
- BFalse
18According to Butler (1990), gender is [blank_start]performative[blank_end].
- Aperformative
- Brigid
- Cfluid
- Dirrelevant
- Eunnecessary
19Butler (1990) believes that identity is singular, fixed, and that they shape our gender relevant behaviours. Is this true or false?
- ATrue
- BFalse
20"Our available lexicon of sexuality and relationships both makes available and delimits who, what, and how we can be"
Butler (1989, 1999, 2004) wrote this. True or false?- ATrue
- BFalse
21According to Butler (1989, 1999, 2004) gender is non-binary, and there are some definitions of sexuality and identity that cannot be defined. True or false?
- ATrue
- BFalse
22Select the definition that best describes the equity theory.
- AWe balance what is fair in a cost-reward ratio in accordance to both (or more parties) and ensure that these is maximum fairness and balance.
- BWe determine what is best for us when balancing resources in negotiations between two parties.
- CWe ensure that the other party has a fairer share before thinking of ourselves when negotiating resources.
- DAll of the above.
23Select the definition that best describes the exchange theory.
- AWe act on a cost-reward basis in our interactions with others, particularly in relationships, but what will give us the greatest profit in doing so.
- BWe try to exchange with others, in terms of interaction, with what will benefit us the most.
- CWe ensure that people other than ourselves perceive us in higher social standing after negotiating higher cost-reward in their benefit during interactions.
- DAll of the above.
- ENone of the above.
24"For the equity theory, research is often very artificial. They are usually held within inauthentic settings and tend to revolve around business games where one party goes as far to help the others as much as they have been helped themselves. Therefore, it's not widely generalisable to personable, human interaction and relationships" (Wilke & Lanzetta, 1970).
Is this statement true or false?- ATrue
- BFalse
25Reproductive fitness refers to:
- AMates that have the optimum chance of passing one's own genes through to their offspring
- BMates who have the optimum opportunities to reproduce a number of offspring
26According to the evolutionary process between sexual partners, is it the more positive or negatively related preferences are to sexual preferences that genes are passed on?
- AThe more negatively related, the fewer genes that are passed on
- BThe more negatively related, the more genes that are passed on
27According to the Buss (1989) study, are there sex-linked preferences between males and females?
- AYes, there are
- BNo, there are not
28For Buss (1989), sex-linked preferences refer to:
- AWhat is desirable in a potential mate for a person making the judgement
- BWhat is undesirable in a potential mate for a person making the judgement
29Who of the two sexes is investing more in human reproduction?
- AMales
- BFemales
30Buss (1989) suggested that:
- ACultural differences (etc) exert powerful effects on the value attached to chastity
- BCultural differences (etc) have no effect at all on the value of chastity
31According to Stone, Shackleford, and Buss (2008), countries with poor health had preferences for:
- AFinancial security
- BGood health
32According to Chu (et al., 2007) females showed a consistent preference for attractive males of:
- AMedium status rather than high status
- BHigh status rather than medium status
33Which sex, according to Shackleford (et al., 2005) prefers "dependability, stability, education, and intelligence" more?
- AMen
- BWomen
34Which impact what, according to Confer (et al., 2010)
- ACulture impacts evolution
- BEvolution impacts culture
35According to Wheeler and Kim (1997), Koreans Americans find what attractive?
- ASocial skills, friendliness, and well-adjusted pictures with others
- BSocial withdrawal, hostility, and generally negative attitudes
36According to Festinger, Schachter, and Back (1950) and propinquity, were participants' closest friends living nearer to them or further apart?
- ANearer to them
- BFurther apart
37According to research (Bornstein, 1989; Bornstein & D'Agostino, 1992; Moreland & Beach, 1992), did participants attend classes the more they liked or disliked the confederates?
- AThey attended classes the more they liked the confederates
- BThey attended classes they less that they liked the confederates
38According to Heider (1958) and the balance theory, we are motivated to achieve a state of equilibrium. Therefore:
- AWe like those that we share similar attitudes with, and dislike those that we don't
- BWe like those that we do not share similar attitudes with, and dislike those who do
39According to Byrne (1971) and the law of attraction:
- AThe proportion of shared attitudes is correspondent with the level of attraction
- BThe proportion of misaligned attitudes is correspondent with the level of attraction
40According to Jones, Pelham, Carvalho, and Mirenberg (2004), was there a significant or non-significant matching between people sharing the same surname prior to marriage
- ASignificant matching
- BNon-significant matching
41Jones (et al., 2004) found in similarity research that those who had experimental codes similar to their birth dates or surnames were:
- AHad a greater liking for each other
- BHad a greater hostility towards others
42According to Singh (et al., 2007), does how someone is personally evaluated have a significant effect? Does it increase attraction?
- AYes, it does
- BNo, it does not
43According to research (Riela, Rodriguez, Aron, Xu & Acevedo, 2010; Riela, et al., 2010) similarity is not as influential as perceived liking. Riela (et al., 2010) found that white Americans and Asian Americans were less or more fond of "liking each other" and "familiarity"?
- AMore fond of reciprocal liking
- BLess fond of reciprocal liking
44Reciprocal liking refers to:
- AMutual liking between two people
- BMutual dislike between two people
45According to Wood and Brumbaugh (2009), assortative mating is the idea that:
- APeople seek out partners who share certain characteristics with themselves
- BPeople seek out partners who do not share the same characteristics as they do
46According to research (Buss & Barnes, 1986; Geary, Vigil & Byrd-Craven, 2004), market forces refer to:
- AThe 'market value' of a potential mate that are perceived by others when looking for people
- BThe forces of the markets in which evolutionary psychology attempts to search
47According to Wood and Brumbaugh (2009), do men show strong consensual concern for physical characteristics?
- AYes, they do
- BNo, they do not
48Wood and Brumbaugh (2009) found through their research that there is or is not a consensus for what traits are desirable in sexual partners?
- AThere is a consensus
- BThere is no consensus, at all
49According to Dickerson (2012), does your heightened state of arousal or excitation shape how you understand your feelings about meeting someone?
- AYes, they do
- BNo, they do not
50The excitation transfer refers to:
- AThe misattribution of a state of arousal
- BThe attribution of state or arousal
51In the Dutton and Aron (1974), who called the experimenter after the study more?
- AThose on the precarious bridge
- BThose on the safe bridge
52According to Cohen and Waugh (1989), those leaving 'suspense thriller' films were more or less aroused? For example, holding hands more, touching (etc).
- AMore aroused
- BLess aroused
53Meston and Frohlich (2003) found that ratings for attractiveness of a photograph were higher or lower for which group?
- AHigher for the post-ride group
- BHigher for the pre-ride group
54The ________ ________ is an idea that our motivation to enter and remain in relationships is driven by our assessment of the profit (rewards - costs) of doing so. Our behaviour is thus driven by seeking to maximise our profit. Profit, in this context, can include any perceived net benefits, not just financial ones.
- AExchange theory
- BEquity theory
55Rational actor refers to:
- AThe idea that human behaviour can be made sense of in terms of individuals rationally purusing what they perceive to be their own self-interest
- BThe idea that human behaviour can be made sense of in terms of individuals not rationally acting in what they want, but what others want
56The ________ ________ is an idea that people are motivated by a concern with both maximising their outcomes (like the other theory) and (unlike the other theory) with fairness. The concern with fairness is understood as a particularly important issue for understanding partners' satisfaction or distress within a relationship.
- AEquity theory
- BExchange theory
57According to the Adams (1965) formula, outcome rewards minus outcome costs are ________ by perceived input.
- ADivided
- BMultiplied
- CAdded
- DSubtracted
58According to Adams (1965), the more a person feels that they contribute to the relationship (input), the more or less they feel that they deserve to receive in terms of outcomes and inputs?
- AMore they feel
- BLess they feel
59Pillemer, Hatfield, and Sprecher (2008) found that, in a study of women aged between 50 and 82, that women were their most content when:
- AOver-benefiting
- BUnder-benefiting
60According to Austin and Walster (1975), are individuals more concerned with equity in totality or equity in only some places
- ATotality
- BSome places
61Attributions can be understood as:
- ADefinitions
- BCausations
62Stander, Hsiung and McDermaid (2001) found that marriages rated as "conflictual" had higher or lower incidences of distress-maintaining attributions?
- AHigher level of incidences
- BLower levels of incidences
63Fincham, Harold, and Gano-Phillips (2000) asserted that:
- AAttributions concerning partner behaviour shape relationship satisfaction
- BAttributions concerning partner behaviour do not shape relationship satisfaction at all
64Available discourses refer to:
- ACulturally available constructions about how things are
- BCulturally available constructions about how the world should be
65Ideological implications refer to:
- AVersions of the world that are constructed, and their consequences, in being a type of person (eg, male, female)
- BVersions of the world that others do not see but yourself
66Interactional implications are:
- AImplications with an immediate interaction
- BImplications that do not have an immediate interaction
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- social saved (Finished ) Quiz on Perspectives on Relationships, created by murat sertay on 15/08/2016.
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