Quiz
Cells and tissues
This quiz has question types that open in the usual player.
Questions in this quiz (175)
1Match the cell to its function [blank_start]Nerve cells[blank_end] to operate as part of the nervous system to send messages back and forth via the brain at the centre of the nerve system. [blank_start]Skin call [blank_end]for waterproof protection and protection against pathogens in the open air environment. [blank_start]Xylem tubes[blank_end] to transport water around plants and to provide structural support for plants as a whole
- ANerve cells
- BSkin call
- CXylem tubes
2Match the Basic tissue to its function [blank_start]Epithelial [blank_end]tightly cohesive sheets of cells, cover body surface, line hollow organs, body cavities and ducts. [blank_start]Connective tissues[blank_end] diverse and widely distributed group, loose/ soft/ hard, consists of cells and ECM. [blank_start]Muscles[blank_end] three types , capable of generating force and producing movement
- AEpithelial
- BConnective tissues
- CMuscles
3Compound light microscopes used for over 350 years. Have a) [blank_start]condenser lens[blank_end] to focus light onto specimen. b) [blank_start]objective lens[blank_end] to collect light scattered by specimen c) [blank_start]eye piece [blank_end]
- Acondenser lens
- Bobjective lens
- Ceye piece
4What are the characteristic cells called which produce and secrete mucous ? [blank_start]Villi[blank_end]
- AVilli
5[blank_start]Papillary[blank_end] = loose connective tissue lies beneath the epidermis [blank_start]Reticular[blank_end] = dense connective tissue lies beneath the other layer . Collagen fibres form a strong elastic network
- APapillary
- BReticular
6Which two stains when combined distinguish between acidic and neutral epithelial musins
- AAlcuin blue dye
- BPAS
- CHaematoxylin
- DEosin
- ESliver stain
7Which stain shows reticular fibres
- ASilver stain
- BH & E
- CVan gieson
- DPAS
- EAlcian blue dye
8Which stain is magenta when there is carbohydrates
- APAS
- BH &E
- CVan gieson
- DSliver stain
9Fractures
- Anon displaced
- Bdisplaced
- Clinear
- Dtransverse
- Ecompound
- Fsimple
- Gincomplete
- Hcomplete
10which is FALSE about liver cirrhosis ?
- Areversible
- Bresult of chronic inflammation over many years
- Cportal-systemic shunts and varices is a complication of cirrhosis
- Dhepatocellular (liver) cancer is a complication of cirrhosis
11Mechanical stress and bone strength :
Which one is true- Aremodelling gives each bone the ability to adapt to new stresses
- Bmechanical stress applied to bone decreases osteoblast activity
- Cremoval of mechanical stress increases osteoblast activity
- DRemodelling is the response to only regulation of blood calcium concentration
12match the symptom to the bone disorder
[blank_start]osteoarthritis[blank_end] = joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, crepitus
[blank_start]rheumatoid arthritis[blank_end] = fatigue, fever, joint pain (multiple) usually inflamed in a symmetrical pattern, nodules
[blank_start]osteoporosis[blank_end] = no symptoms till bone fracture occurs, bone much thinner and lighter than normal bones.- Arheumatoid arthritis
- Bosteoporosis
- Costeoarthritis
13which of the following bone disorders is an autoimmune disease :
- Aosteoarthritis
- Brheumatoid arthritis
- Costeoporosis
14which of the following bone disorders is characterised by low bone mass and loss of bone tissue
- Aosteoarthritis
- Brheumatoid arthritis
- Costeoporosis
15Which of the following are loose connective tissue
- Aareolar
- Badipose
- Creticular
- Dregular collagenous
- Eregular elastic
- Firregular collagenous
- Girregular elastic
- Aareolar
16Which of the following is areolar connective tissue
- A1
- B2
- C3
- D4
- E5
- A1
17name the 3 types of cartilage (A-Z)
[blank_start]Elastic cartilage[blank_end]
[blank_start]fibrocartilage[blank_end]
[blank_start]hyaline cartilage[blank_end]- AElastic cartilage
- Bfibrocartilage
- Chyaline cartilage
18the surface of cartilage is surrounded by perichondrium
- ATrue
- BFalse
19Which is true about Elastic Cartilage
- Aextremely resilient
- Blacks a perichondrium
- Cmenisci of knee joint
- Dallows growth of lone bones
- Etrachea
20Match up the word to the description
[blank_start]osteoblasts[blank_end] = immature bone cells
[blank_start]osteocytes[blank_end] = mature bone cells located in matrix spaces called lacunae/ canaliculi
[blank_start]osteoclasts[blank_end] = degrade bone cell & reabsorbs them- Aosteoblasts
- Bosteocytes
- Costeoclasts
21which is the strongest cartilage
- Ahyaline
- Bfibrocartilage
- Celastic
22Bone classification: depends on organisation of matrix collagen fibres
Woven bone - [blank_start]Immature[blank_end] : [blank_start]collagen fibres random[blank_end], [blank_start]formed in foetal development[blank_end]/ fracture repair. Bone remodelled
Lamellar bone - [blank_start]mature[blank_end] : [blank_start]organised[blank_end], [blank_start]parallel / perpendicular fibres.[blank_end]- AImmature
- Bmature
- Ccollagen fibres random
- Dparallel / perpendicular fibres.
- Eorganised
- Fformed in foetal development
23Bone is vascular
- ATrue
- BFalse
24Whether bone is woven or lamellar it can be classified according to amount of bone matrix relative to amount of space within bone: (a>z)
[blank_start]COMPACT[blank_end]
[blank_start]SPONGY[blank_end]- ACOMPACT
- BSPONGY
25What is FALSE about spongy bone
- APorous, interconnecting trabeculae
- BOsteocytes - between lamellae
- CTrabecular surface covered with single layer of cells
- DOsteocytes interconnected via canaliculi
- EBlood vessels from periosteum or medullary cavity enter through perforating
canals - perpendicular to long axis (Volkmann canals)
26Which is FALSE about compact bone
- ADense
- BOsteocytes in lacunae between concentric lamellae
- CConcentric lamellae surround central canal
- DBetween osteons - interstitial lamellae
- EBlood vessels from periosteum or medullary cavity enter through perforating
canals - perpendicular to long axis (Volkmann canals) - FTrabecular surface covered with single layer of cells
27Lablel compact bone
- Aosteocyte lacunae
- Bhaversian canals
- Ccanaliculi
28FUNCTION & LOCATION: SPONGY VERSUS COMPACT
choose the correct option- ASPONGY:
Function – acts as scaffolding to provide strength and support without weight
Location – Interior of skull bones, vertebrae, sternum & pelvis plus ends of the long bones
COMPACT:
Function – provides great strength and support, forms a solid outer shell to prevent punctures &/ breaks
Location – Outer portions of all bones and shafts of long bones - BSPONGY:
Function – acts as scaffolding to provide strength and support without weight
Location – Outer portions of all bones and shafts of long bones
COMPACT:
Function – provides great strength and support, forms a solid outer shell to prevent punctures &/ breaks
Location – Interior of skull bones, vertebrae, sternum & pelvis plus ends of the long bones - CSPONGY:
Function – provides great strength and support, forms a solid outer shell to prevent punctures &/ breaks
Location – Interior of skull bones, vertebrae, sternum & pelvis plus ends of the long bones
COMPACT:
Function – acts as scaffolding to provide strength and support without weight
Location – Outer portions of all bones and shafts of long bones
- ASPONGY:
29Label the bone structure
- Aperiosteum
- Bspongy bone
- Ccompact bone
30overall bone structure
- Alacunae containing osteocytes
- Bcanaliculi
- Costeon
- Dperiosteum
- Ehaversian canal
- Flamellae
- Gosteon of compact bone
- Htrabeculae of spongy bone
- Ivolkmann's canal
31[blank_start]LONG BONES[blank_end]
Have a shaft with heads at both ends
Mostly contain compact bone
[blank_start]SHORT BONES[blank_end]
Generally cube shaped
Contain mostly spongy bone
[blank_start]FLAT BONES[blank_end]
Thin flattened, usually curved
Thin layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone
[blank_start]IRREGULAR BONES[blank_end]
Do not fit into the other categories- ALONG BONES
- BSHORT BONES
- CFLAT BONES
- DIRREGULAR BONES
32[blank_start]Osteoblasts[blank_end] (secrete new bone) & [blank_start]osteoclasts[blank_end] (break bone down).
- AOsteoblasts
- Bosteoclasts
33Bone turnover and reabsorption
- Aresting
- Bresorption
- Creversal
- Dformation
- Emineralization
34how is ne bone formed
[blank_start]ossification[blank_end]- Aossification
35DWARFISM VS GIGANTISM
Growth hormone abnormalities
[blank_start]Too little[blank_end] = mutations of specific genes, damage to the pituitary gland, nutrition, stress.
[blank_start]Too much[blank_end] = pituitary tumour. Usually diagnosed in adulthood. Thickening of mandible and digits = Acromealgy.- AToo little
- BToo much
36Red bone marrow no longer produces blood
- ATrue
- BFalse
37BONE MARROW DISEASE / BLOOD CANCERS
[blank_start]LEUKAEMIA[blank_end] – high numbers of immature / abnormal WBC’s
Symptoms – anaemia, reduced clotting,
excess bruising, tiredness, increased infections
[blank_start]LYMPHOMA[blank_end] – abnormal lymphocytes
[blank_start]MYELOMA[blank_end] – abnormal plasma cells- ALEUKAEMIA
- BLYMPHOMA
- CMYELOMA
38Which is FALSE about connective tissue functions
- AStorage: adipose tissue
- BTransportation: blood
- CCushioning/insulation: adipose tissue
- DConnection: tendons/ligament
- ESupport: bones/cartilage/ capsules
39Which is an incorrect fact about connective tissue
- AAbundant and widely distributed
- BMakes up part of every organ in the body
- CCells separated from each other by intracellular matrix (ICM)
- DThree main classes of connective tissue
40Connective tissues
- Aectoderm
- BMesoderm
- CEndoderm
41. Cells:
- each major class of connective tissue has resident cells which create,
maintain or breakdown the ECM
“[blank_start]blasts[blank_end]” create the ECM
“[blank_start]cytes[blank_end]” maintain the ECM
“[blank_start]clasts[blank_end]” break down the ECM- Ablasts
- Bcytes
- Cclasts
42 [blank_start]Osteoblasts[blank_end] - create bone [blank_start]Chondroblasts[blank_end] - create cartilage
[blank_start]Osteocytes[blank_end] - maintain bone [blank_start]Chondrocytes[blank_end] - maintain cartilage
[blank_start]Osteoclasts[blank_end] – break down bone [blank_start]Chondroclasts[blank_end] - break down cartilage- AOsteoblasts
- BOsteocytes
- COsteoclasts
- DChondroblasts
- EChondrocytes
- FChondroclasts
43In addition to resident cells, connective tissue houses other cell types including:
- Amacrophage
- Bmast cell
- Clymphocyte
- Dfat cell
44ECM: GROUND SUBSTANCE (fluid that fills the space between cells)
- gel-like, contains water & two main groups of soluble proteins:
1. [blank_start]cell adhesion proteins[blank_end] – connective tissue glue
(e.g. fibronectin, osteonectin, chondronectin).
2. [blank_start]proteoglycans[blank_end] – macromolecule with a protein core to which glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are attached.- Acell adhesion proteins
- Bproteoglycans
45ECM: GROUND SUBSTANCE (fluid that fills the space between cells) - gel-like, contains water & two main groups of soluble proteins:
- ATrue
- BFalse
46ECM ground substance
the higher the GAG content, the less viscous the fluid- ATrue
- BFalse
47Name the three fibres of connective tissue that provide suport (a>z)
[blank_start]Collagen[blank_end]
[blank_start]elastic[blank_end]
[blank_start]reticular[blank_end]- ACollagen
- Belastic
- Creticular
48What is TRUE about collagen fibres
- AIn the ECM, triple helix modified into tropocollagen molecules which assemble into fibrils which are bundled into thick collagen fibres.
- BSecreted by fibroblasts
- CForm branching networks in ECM.
- DBranch extensively forming networks fill spaces between tissues and organs (e.g. basement membrane of epithelial tissue and around capillaries).
49Which is the most abundant fibre ?
- Acollagen
- Belastic
- Creticular
50Reticular fibres allow more “give” than collagen fibres.
Abundant in Liver, spleen and lymph nodes- ATrue
- BFalse
51Which fibre is secreated by fibroblasts
- Aelastic
- Bcollagen
- Creticular
52Which is FALSE about collagen fibres
- A3x chains of amino acids wind around each other forming
rope-like collagen molecule (requires vitamin C). - BIn the ECM, triple helix modified into tropocollagen molecules which assemble into fibrils which are bundled into thick collagen fibres.
- C25 types of collagen –
Type I found in cartilage
Type II most abundant
(tendons, ligaments etc), - Dcreated by fibroblasts
- A3x chains of amino acids wind around each other forming
53put in correct order (a>z)
Connective tissue proper
>looose: [blank_start]adipose[blank_end], [blank_start]areolar[blank_end] , [blank_start]reticular[blank_end]
> dense: [blank_start]irrregular collagenous[blank_end], [blank_start]irregular elastic[blank_end], [blank_start]regular collagenous[blank_end], [blank_start]regular elastic[blank_end]
supporting connective tissue
>cartilage: [blank_start]elastic[blank_end], [blank_start]fibrocartilage[blank_end], [blank_start]hyaline[blank_end]
>bone: [blank_start]compact[blank_end], [blank_start]spongy[blank_end]
fluid connective tissue
>blood: [blank_start]platelets[blank_end], [blank_start]red blood cells[blank_end], [blank_start]white blood cells[blank_end]
>haemopoietic: [blank_start]red marrow,[blank_end] [blank_start]yellow marrow[blank_end]- Aadipose
- Bareolar
- Creticular
- Dirrregular collagenous
- Eirregular elastic
- Fregular collagenous
- Gregular elastic
- Helastic
- Ifibrocartilage
- Jhyaline
- Kcompact
- Lspongy
- Mplatelets
- Nred blood cells
- Owhite blood cells
- Pred marrow,
- Qyellow marrow
54What is the picture showing (connective tissue )
- Aareolar
- Badipose
- Creticular
- Dregualr elastic
- Eirregular elastic
- Fregular collagenous
- Girregular collagenous
55What type of connective tissue is the picture
- Aadipose
- Bareolar
- Creticular
- Dregular elastic
- Eirregular elastic
- Fregular collagenous
- Girregular collagenous
56What type of connective tissue is the picture
- Areticular
- Badipose
- Careolar
- Dirregular elastic
- Eregular elastic
- Firregular collagenous
- Gregular collagenous
57What kind of connective tissue is the picture
- Aregular collagenous
- Birregular collagenous
- Cregular elastic
- Dirregular elastic
- Eareolar
- Freticular
- Gadipose
58What kind of connective tissue is the picture
- Aregular elastic
- Birregular elastic
- Cirregular collagenous
- Dregular collagenous
- Eareolar
- Freticular
- Gadipose
59What type of connective tissue is the picture showing
- Airregual collagenous
- Bregular collagenous
- Cirregular elastic
- Dregular elastic
- Eadipose
- Freticular
- Gaerolar
60What type of connective tissue is the picture showing
- Airregular elastic
- Birregular collagenous
- Cregular collagenous
- Dregular elastic
- Eadipose
- Fareolar
- Greticular
61connective tissue disoreders
Which is a vitamin C deficiency results in unstable collagen molecule
[blank_start]Scurvy[blank_end]- AScurvy
62Defective elastic fibres
[blank_start]Marfan’s syndrome[blank_end] = abnormal production of Fibrillin-1 results in inefficient/weak elastic fibres and
overgrowth of tissues
[blank_start]Pulmonary emphysema[blank_end] = destruction of elastic tissue caused by increase in elastase activity
- air pollution and tobacco smoke stimulate excess release of elastase- AMarfan’s syndrome
- BPulmonary emphysema
63Pulmonary emphysema and Marfan’s syndrome are due to defects in which fibres
- Aelastic
- Bcollagenous
- Creticular
- Dadipose
- Eareolar
64What is FALSE about Systemic lupus erythematous
- Achronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of body tissues
- Bmain organs affected are the skin and joints
- C(more common in females)
- Dleads to arm span greater than height
65Skin is our largest organ
- ATrue
- BFalse
66parts of the integumentary system
- Aepidermis
- Bdermis
- Csubcutaneoous tissue
- Dhair follicle
- Eswear gland
- Ffatty tissue
- Gnerve
- Hlymph vessel
67functions of integumentary system (could be more than one)
- Aprotection
- Bthermoregulation
- Cwater regulation
- Dsensation
- Estorage and synthesis
68cells of the epidermis (thin skin)
- Alangerhans' cell
- Bkeratinocytes
- Cdesmosomes
- Ddermis
- Estratum basale
- Fstratum spinosum
- Gstratum granulosum
- Hstratum corneum
69Thin skin = stratum lucidum present
- ATrue
- BFalse
70Renewal of the epidermis
- Aintercellular lipids
- Bkeratin
- Clamellar body releases lipids
- Dkeratohyalin granules
- Elipid - filled lamellar body
- Fkeratin fiber
- Gdesmosome
- Hnucleus
- Ihemidesmosome
- Jbasement membrane
- Kstratum basale
- Lstratum spinosum
- Mstratum granulosum
- Nstratum lucidum
- Ostratum corneum
71Dermis - strong flexible connective tissue rich in collagen and elastin
- Afibroblasts
- Bmacrophages
- Ca few adipocytes
- Dnerve endings
- Eblood vessels
- Fglands
- Gsmooth muscles (some areas)
- Hlymphatics
- Ihair follicles
72Skin colour is determined by blood circulation (haemoglobin) , thickness of stratum coneum, pigments : carotene, melanin
- ATrue
- BFalse
73Which one is untrue about skin colour
- ADetemined by blood circulation
- BThickness of stratum granulosum
- Cpigments include carotene and melanin
- Dmelanin is produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale
74What is TRUE about melanin
- Aproduced by melanocytes in stratum lucidium
- Bproduced by melanocytes in stratum spinosum
- Cproduction of melanin determined by exposeure to sunlight (UV radiation)
- Dproduction of melanin dermined by genetics (ancestral differences)
- EA 'tan' is not permant - this colous is dependent on the melanin pigmentation of the epidermis which renews every 4-6 weeks
75peopel with [blank_start]Albinism[blank_end] typically have a very low level of melanin production.
- AAlbinism
76What part of the skin does acne affect?
- AEpidermis
- BEndodermis
- CHair follicles
- DHair shaft
77Which is FALSE about acne
- Acomedones (blackheads and whiteheads) and pus-filled spots (pustules).
- Bsebaceous glands secrete an excess of oil in response to blood estrogen levels
- Cdead keratinocytes are not shed properly and clog up the follicles
- DTreatments =
Topical i.e. those that are applied directly to the skin
Oral antibiotics or contraceptive pills
Isotretinoin – instigates cell death in sebaceous gland cells
78What skin condition is this ?
- AEczema
79Malignant melonoma detection. Which one is TRUE
- ASymetrical skin lesions
- BBorder is regular
- CColour is regular
- DDiameter smaller than 6mm
- Eevolve over time
80Match the skin cancer treatment to the cancer
[blank_start]Non-melanoma[blank_end]
Surgical excision (+ skin graft)
Cryotherapy – Liquid Nitrogen
Mohs micrographic surgery – high risk of the cancer spreading or returning and / or in an area where it would be important to remove as little skin as possible e.g. nose or eyes
Topical Chemotherapy / immunotherapy / photodynamic therapy – via creams.
[blank_start]Malignant melanoma[blank_end]
Surgical excision (skin + lymph nodes)
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy- ANon-melanoma
- BMalignant melanoma
81Photoaging = Sun exposure is caracterized by loss of elasticity, roughness, irregular pigmentation, deep wrincles. changes in organization (and functionality) of collagen and elastin in dermis)
- ATrue
- BFalse
82skin cancer is due to UV radiation exposure
Three types : basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma- ATrue
- BFalse
83Sunburn - causes DNA damage in skin cells. DNA damage triggers
Which is FALSE- Adecreased melanin production
- Bcell death
- CDNA repair response
- Dinflammatory response
84Which is FALSE about sebaceous glands ?
- Aglands which produce sebum by holocrine secretion
- Blubricates the skin keeping it soft/ flexible, preventing it from drying out, and makes it water tight
- Clocated in dermis on entire body except palms and soles
- DTwo types : eccrine and apocine
85Which is FLASE about the effects of aging (intrinsic ageing)
- Alargely genetically determined
- Bdecrease in fragility
- Closs of elasticity
- Dtransparent quality
86A gland may be a single cell or a group of cells which secrete their products into a [blank_start]duct[blank_end] or surface or into the [blank_start]blood[blank_end]. e.g. hormones, sweat, saliva, digestive enzymes
- Aduct
- Bblood
87Lable the glands
- Aducts
- Bmucous cells
- Cserous cells
88Types of Gland
- AExocine
- BEndocrine
89What is FALSE about Endocrine cells / glands
- AEndocrine Cells
Part of epithelial surface – e.g. lining of digestive tract
Separate Organs – e.g. Thyroid / Pituitary Gland - BDistribution - Hormones transported in blood to many locations
specificity determined by receptor expression at target
Concentration of hormone = ∝ strength & magnitude of response - Complementary to the nervous system
regulation faster but shorter lasting - DWidespread & Varied
Regulation of bodily functions & maintenance of homeostasis - ESecretions – Hormones (e.g. Insulin / Somatostatin / Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
- AEndocrine Cells
90patterns of hormone secreation
- AChronic
- Bepisodic
- CAcute
91Regulation of hormonal secretion
[blank_start]HUMORAL[blank_end] – blood-borne molecules
e.g. high glucose levels stimulate insulin secretion
[blank_start]NEURAL[blank_end] – neurons stimulate production
e.g. sympathetic nervous system (fight/flight response stimulates adrenaline release).
[blank_start]HORMONAL[blank_end] – one hormone stimulates secretion of another
e.g. pituitary gland hormones stimulate testis to make testosterone- AHUMORAL
- BNEURAL
- CHORMONAL
92diseases of the endocrine system
are common & characterized by
disregulated hormone release (a productive pituitary adenoma)
inappropriate response to signalling (hypothyroidism)
lack of a gland
structural enlargement in a critical site such as the thyroid
[blank_start]Hypofunction[blank_end] - [blank_start]underfunction[blank_end]
hyposecretion, agenesis, atrophy, or active destruction
[blank_start]Hyperfunction[blank_end] – [blank_start]overfunction[blank_end]
hypersecretion, loss of suppression, hyperplastic or neoplastic change
or hyperstimulation- AHypofunction
- BHyperfunction
- Cunderfunction
- Doverfunction
93match the examples to the discriptions
[blank_start]Cushing's Disease[blank_end] = high levels of the hormone cortisol
[blank_start]Graves Disease[blank_end] = overactive thyroid gland
[blank_start]Pituitary tumours[blank_end] = abnormal growths- ACushing's Disease
- BGraves Disease
- CPituitary tumours
94Exocrine glands
secretions released through [blank_start]ducts[blank_end] that open onto epithelial surface (or directly to surface). Classified either by [blank_start]structure[blank_end] or by the [blank_start]method[blank_end] of secretion- Aducts
- Bstructure
- Cmethod
95classification of exocrine cells by structure
- Aunicellular glands
- Bmulticellular glands
96Multicellular glands
- Asimple glands
- Bcompund glands
- Csimple tubular
- Dsimple branched tubular
- Esimple coiled tubular
- Fsimple acinar
- Gsimple branched acinar
- Hcompound tubular
- Icompound acinar
- Jcompound tubuloacinar
97Which multicellular gland is found in the pancreas
- Acompound tubuloacinar
- Bsimple tubular
- Csimple branched tubular
- Dsimple branched acinar
- Ecompound tubular
98Where is the compound acinar multicellular gland found
- Amammary glands
- Blower portion of stomach and small intestine
- Cglands in stomach and colon
- Dmucous glands of duodenum
99Which two glands are found in the sebaceous glands of the skin
- Asimple acinaer
- Bsimaple branched acinar
- Ccompound tubuloacinar
- Dcompound acinar
- Ecompound tubular
- Fsimple tubular
- Gsimple branched tubular
- Hsimple coiled tubular
100method of secreation
- AMerocrine Gland
- Bapocrine gland
- Cholocrine gland
101Types of secretion:
[blank_start]Serous[blank_end] - watery secreation containing enzymes
[blank_start]mucous[blank_end] - secrete mucins which hydrate to form mucus
[blank_start]Mixed[blank_end] glands - contains both- ASerous
- Bmucous
- CMixed
102The pancreas is both exocrine and endocrine
- ATrue
- BFalse
103match the disea of the pancreas to the discription
[blank_start]pancreatitis[blank_end] = pancreatic enzymes are activated within pancreas. 80% of pancreatitis cases are caused by alcholism or gall stones. Present with characteristic abdominal pain
[blank_start]pancreatic cancer[blank_end] = several types. involves both exo and endocrine tissues. Risk factors : smoking, obesity, diabetes and rare genetic conditions
[blank_start]diabetes mellitus[blank_end] = two types. TYPE I :Juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes. An autoimmune condition. Body attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells (β cells). No insulin is produced. This causes glucose to quickly rise in the blood. TYPE II : Interplay of genetic & environmental factors. Body doesn’t make enough insulin / insulin made doesn’t work properly. Elevated glucose levels in blood. Up to 58% of cases can be delayed / prevented through a healthy lifestyle- Apancreatitis
- Bpancreatic cancer
- Cdiabetes mellitus
104What is FALSE about diabetes mellitus type II
- AAn autoimmune disease
- BBody doesn’t make enough insulin
- CElevated glucose levels in blood.
- Dinsulin made doesn’t work properly.
105What is FALSE about diabetes mellitus TYPE I
- AJuvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes
- BAn autoimmune condition
- CBody attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells (β cells).
- DThis causes glucose to quickly rise in the blood.
- EInterplay of genetic & environmental factors.
1061. [blank_start]Chemical[blank_end] level. Atoms (coloured balls) combine to form molecules
2. [blank_start]Cell[blank_end] level. Molecules for organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria which makes up cells
3. [blank_start]Tissue[blank_end] level. similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
4. [blank_start]Organ[blank_end] level. Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder
5. [blank_start]Organ system[blank_end] level. Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys, make up an organ system.
6. [blank_start]Organism[blank_end] level. Organ system make up an organism
- AChemical
- BCell
- CTissue
- DOrgan
- EOrgan system
- FOrganism
107Tissue types match the tissue type to its description
[blank_start]Connective Tissues[blank_end]
packaging or supporting fabric
[blank_start]Nervous Tissue[blank_end]
nerve and glial cells
[blank_start]Muscle[blank_end]
generates force so produces movement
[blank_start]Epithelia[blank_end]
sheets of cells covering body surfaces- AConnective Tissues
- BNervous Tissue
- CMuscle
- DEpithelia
108Which is NOT true about epithelium
- Abasic cell type
- Bloose cohesive sheet
- Ccovers & protects surfaces
- Dline internal cavities & vessels
- Eforms glandular structures
- Fforms barriers
- Gcombines with nervous tissue to make special senses
109Choose the FALSE answer about the characteristics of the epithelial cell
- Aepithelial tissue highly cellular
- Bepithelial cell binds to each other & to basement membranes via adhesion/junctions
- Cnot capable of regeneration
- Dderived from all three germinal layers : ectoderm, endoderm & mesoderm
110germinal layers
- Aectoderm
- Bmesoderm
- Cendoderm
111structure and functions of epithelial cells surfaces
- Afree apical surface
- Bbasal surface
- Clateral surface
112Epithelial cells
Structurally & functionally distinct cell surfaces = polarity
[blank_start]free apical surface[blank_end]
>not attached to other cells
>often lines lumen of ducts & cavities
[blank_start]lateral surface[blank_end]
>attached to other epithelial cells
[blank_start]basal surface[blank_end]
>attached to basement membrane which attaches epithelia to underlying tissues
Each surface can have own specialisations- Afree apical surface
- Blateral surface
- Cbasal surface
113APICAL - SPECIALISATIONS
[blank_start]Microvilli[blank_end] – cytoplasmic protrusions, ‘brush border’
Often found on epithelium lining internal passages
Increases surface area
[blank_start]Stereocilia[blank_end] –
Non-motile unlike cilia
Limited distribution
epididymis/vas def & sensory hair cells inner ear
[blank_start]Cilia[blank_end] – motile hair-like protrusions
Several hundred per cell
Beat in coordination to move substances over them
Found in respiratory epithelium & fallopian tubes
Smoking reduces cilia movement = impaired movement of mucous = reduced protection against bacteria- AMicrovilli
- BStereocilia
- CCilia
114BASOLATERAL SPECIALISATIONS
Epithelial cells extremely cohesive & closely apposed
Specialisations at basolateral surface between cells or with underlying basement membrane = junctions
Maintain polarised state
join cells together
exchange information & metabolites- ATrue
- BFalse
115Juction types
- Aoccluding / tight junctions
- Banchoring junctions
- Ccommunicating / gap junctions
116Which is FALSE about anchoring juctions
- AMechanically attaches cells to neighbours
- BAbundant in tissue subject to severe stress e.g. skin / cardiac muscle
- CZona occludens –apical part of lateral domain, almost fusing 2 cells
- DHemidesmosome – strong in basal domain
117Which is TRUE about communicating/gap junctions
- Apassage of chemical/electrical signals between cells
- BHemidesmosome – strong in basal domain
- CSeals cells together, prevents leaking
- DAbundant in tissue subject to severe stress e.g. skin / cardiac muscle
118Whose which is true about occluding /tight junctions
(could be more than one)- ASeals cells together, prevents leaking
- BZona occludens –apical part of lateral domain, almost fusing 2 cells
- CMechanically attaches cells to neighbours
- DAbundant in tissue subject to severe stress e.g. skin / cardiac muscle
- Epassage of chemical/electrical signals between cells
119EPITHELIAL CELL FUNCTIONS
Protecting underlying structures
Permitting the passage of some substances through it
Any substance entering or leaving body must cross epithelium
Some epithelia more permeable than others
Barrier to prevent many substances from moving through it
Secreting substances
discharged onto epith surface or released into body/blood
Provide sensations
large sensory supply to provide info about environment- ATrue
- BFalse
120classification of epithelia
Based on:
Number of layers
[blank_start]Simple[blank_end]: single layer, good for absorption/secretion, fragile
[blank_start]Stratified[blank_end]: 2 or more layers of cells, good for protection
[blank_start]Pseudostratified[blank_end]: one layer of mixture of cell shapes
Shapes of cells
[blank_start]Squamous[blank_end]: flat shaped
[blank_start]Cuboidal[blank_end]: cube shaped
[blank_start]Columnar[blank_end]: tall cylindrical shaped
[blank_start]Transitional[blank_end]: readily change shape, accommodates stretching
Surface specialisations – cilia, keratin, etc.
In most cases, epithelium is given 2 names
simple squamous, stratified cuboidal, etc.
= number of layers + shape of cells at free surface- ASimple
- BStratified
- CPseudostratified
- DSquamous
- ECuboidal
- FColumnar
- GTransitional
121label the following epithelia
- Asimple cuboidal
- Bstratified cuboidal
- Csimple columnar
- Dsimple squamous
122Which matches up with simple squamous
- AStructure: Single layer of flat, often hexagonal cells; nuclei appear very flat
- BFunction: Diffusion, filtration, some secretion, absorption
Little barrier/protection against friction - CLocation: Lining of blood vessels and the heart, alveoli, etc
- DMultiple layers of cells that are cube-shaped in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface
can be nonkeratinized (moist) or keratinized - ELocation:
Keratinized— skin
Nonkeratinized— mouth, larynx, esophagus, anus, etc - FFunction: Protection against abrasion, a barrier against infection, reduction of water loss from the body
- GLocation: Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of the lungs, stomach, intestines, etc.
- HFunction: Movement of substances, absorption and secretion
Offer more protection than flatter cells - IStructure: Single layer of tall, narrow cells; some cells have cilia or microvilli
- JFunction: Protection, secretion but no absorption
123What is TRUE about SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
- AStructure: Single layer of cube-shaped cells; some cells have microvilli or cilia
- BFunction: Good for diffusion, secretion and absorption; movement of particles embedded in mucus out of the terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells
- CLocation: Kidney tubules, glands, lining of terminal bronchioles of the lungs, etc
- DFunction : Protection against abrasion, a barrier against infection, reduction of water loss from the body
- EStructure: Single layer of flat, often hexagonal cells; nuclei appear very flat
- FLocation: Lining of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi of the lungs, etc
- GFunction: Synthesize and secrete mucus & move mucus (or fluid) that contains foreign particles over the surface of the free surface and from passages
- HStructure: Technically a single layer of cells but some cells reach the free surface, and others do not; nuclei are at different levels so appears stratified
almost always ciliated and are associated with goblet cells - ILocation: Lining of the urinary bladder, ureters, superior urethra
124What lines urinary bladder, ureters, pelvis of kidney & superior part of urethra
- Atransitional epithelium
- Bpseudostriatifired columnar
- Cstratified columnar
- Dsimple squamous
- Esimple cubodial
125Which is the correct location of stratified cuboidal
- ALocation: Rare, Sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicular cells, salivary gland ducts
- BLocation: Mammary gland ducts, larynx, a portion of the male urethra
- CLocation:
Keratinized— skin
Nonkeratinized— mouth, larynx, esophagus, anus, etc - DLocation: Glands and some ducts, bronchioles of the lungs, stomach, intestines, etc.
- ELocation: Kidney tubules, glands, lining of terminal bronchioles of the lungs, etc
126which epithelium is ciliated
- Apseudostriated columnar
- Btransitional epithelium
- Cstratified columnar
- Dstratified cuboidal
- Estratified squamous
127SMOKING =
DESTRUCTION OF EPITHELIUM- ATrue
- BFalse
128What chemical is NOT used in the fixation process for preparing tissues samples?
- Aformaldehyde
- Bacetate
- Cglutaraldehyde
- Dosmic acid
129Which match of structures with their most abundant location during interphase in most likely?
- AActin - mostly clustered in the cortex
Microtubules - in the cortex
Intermediate filaments - inside the nucleus
Centrosome - at the poles of the cell
Golgi - close to the centrosome - BActin - inside the nucleus
Microtubules - radiating from the nucleus
Intermediate filaments - even distribution
Centrosome - close to the cortex
Golgi - inside the nucleus - CActin - mostly clustered in the cortex
Microtubules - radiating to all parts of the cell
Intermediate filaments - even distribution
Centrosome - close to Golgi
Golgi - usually at the center of a cell - DActin - not present in non-muscle tissue
Microtubules - can only be found during anaphase
Intermediate filaments - even distribution
Centrosome - close to Golgi
Golgi - usually at the center of a cell - EActin - not present in non-muscle tissue
Microtubules - radiating to all parts of the cell
Intermediate filaments - even distribution
Centrosome - close to Golgi
Golgi - usually at the poles of a cell.
- AActin - mostly clustered in the cortex
130Which of the following statements is false?
- AProteins destined for the mitochondria pass through two translocators.
- BProteins destined for the plasma membrane enter the ER.
- CProteins destined for the nucleus pass through the nuclear pores in an unfolded state.
- DOn reaching an ER signal sequence the translation of the RNA temporarily terminates due to SRP.
- EProteins destined for the cytoplasm do not enter the ER or contain working signal sequences.
131Which of these correctly describes the dynamic instability of microtubules?
- AThe GDP growing cap is caught up by the GTP bound section, when no GDP cap remains, tubulin subunits bound to GDP start to fall away and the microtubule rapidly shrinks. This is known as catastrophe. Then GFP bound tubular subunits start to bind again, the GDP growing cap is restored and the microtubules grows again. This is known as rescue.
- BThe ATP growing cap is caught up by the ADP bound section, when no ATP cap remains, tubulin subunits bound to ADP start to fall away and the microtubule rapidly shrinks. This is known as catastrophe. Then ATPbound tubular subunits start to bind again, the ATP growing cap is restored and the microtubules grows again. This is known as rescue.
- CThe ADP growing cap is caught up by the ATP bound section, when no ATP cap remains, tubulin subunits bound to ADP start to fall away and the microtubule rapidly shrinks. This is known as catastrophe. Then ATP bound tubular subunits start to bind again, the ATP growing cap is restored and the microtubules grows again. This is known as rescue.
- DThe GTP growing cap is caught up by the GDP bound section, when no GTP cap remains, tubulin subunits bound to GDP start to fall away and the microtubule rapidly shrinks. This is known as catastrophe. Then GTP bound tubular subunits start to bind again, the GTP growing cap is restored and the microtubules grows again. This is known as rescue.
132Which of the following structures appears at the + end of microtubules while they are growing?
- AGTP cap
- BGDP cap
- CATP cap
- DADP cap
133Put these statements about cell culture in the correct order:
1. Remove cells from sample and add to growth medium
2.Cells divide until the whole dish is filled
3.Add new culture to vessel (ie petri dish)
4.Primary culture is obtained
5.Confluent culture
6.Cells are removed from surface and made into a cell suspension
7. Subculture to obtain secondary cultures- A4 1 5 2 3 6 7
- B1 2 5 4 6 3 7
- C1 4 2 5 6 3 7
- D4 1 3 2 5 6 7
- E6 1 4 2 5 3 7
134Which of the following is not a characteristic of cancellous bone?
- AIt contains yellow bone marrow in adults
- BIt consists of osteons running longitudinally within the bone
- CIt contains trabeculae, between which are blood vessels and bone marrow
- DIt appears at the end (epiphysis) of lone bones
135which is FALSE about stem cells ?
- Acapable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods
- Bspecialized
- Ccommon to all multi cellular organisms
- Dthey help to maintain cell number and replace dead / injured cells
136Asymmetrical division = when a stem cell divided, each daughter has a choice . Either remain a stem cell or become a progenitor cell & commits to differentiation
- ATrue
- BFalse
137Match about asymmetrical division
[blank_start]Extrinsic[blank_end] - environment
[blank_start]intrinsic[blank_end] - inherit factors- AExtrinsic
- Bintrinsic
138Stem cell potency
potency = potential to differentiate into different cell types
- Atotipotent
- Bpluripotent
- Cmultipotent
- Dunipotent
139Adult stem cells choose the pros
- AHigh capacity of self-renewal into adulthood
- BOnce committed to differentiate can undergo rapid divisions
- COne stem cell can produce lots of differentiated (specialised cells) of the same type / group.
- DUnidirectional & irreversible differentiation
- ECells divide rarely & slowly (self renewal)
- FIsolating for culture is difficult and proliferating up to large populations is challenging
140The cons of adult stem cells
- AIsolating for culture is difficult and proliferating up to large populations is challenging
- BCells divide rarely & slowly (self renewal)
- CUnidirectional & irreversible differentiation
- DOne stem cell can produce lots of differentiated (specialised cells) of the same type / group.
- EOnce committed to differentiate can undergo rapid divisions
- FHigh capacity of self-renewal into adulthood
141ADULT STEM CELLS –
UNIPOTENT = [blank_start]SKIN[blank_end]
MULTIPOTENT = [blank_start]INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS[blank_end], [blank_start]HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS[blank_end]
PLURIPOTENT = [blank_start]EMBRYONIC[blank_end]- ASKIN
- BINTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS
- CHEMATOPOIETIC CELLS
- DEMBRYONIC
142Choose the pros associated with embryonic stem cells - pluripotent
- AEasy to isolate and grow in culture
- BCan in theory create any cell type in the body
- CIf allowed to clump together to form embryoid bodies they spontaneously differentiate
- DCurrent knowledge of differentiation not good enough to consistently produce pure populations of specific cells
- EEthical considerations
143What is another way to get embryonic stem cells ?
[blank_start]therapeutic cloning[blank_end]- Atherapeutic cloning
144Put in order. Therapeutic cloning
[blank_start]cell from patient and a donor egg[blank_end]
[blank_start]nucleus removed from egg[blank_end] and [blank_start]replace with nucleus from patient[blank_end]
[blank_start]this egg stimulated to divide[blank_end]
the resulting embryo [blank_start]carries the patient's genetic material[blank_end]- Acell from patient and a donor egg
- Bnucleus removed from egg
- Creplace with nucleus from patient
- Dthis egg stimulated to divide
- Ecarries the patient's genetic material
145Label the picture
- Aectoderm
- Bmesoderm
- Cendoderm
146INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS
Adult stem cells genetically ‘reprogrammed’ back to an embryonic cell-like state.
Produced in 2006
Reprogrammed via viral introduction of 4 stem cell factors - important for maintaining the defining properties of ESC’s
Oct3/4 Sox2 c-Myc klf4- ATrue
- BFalse
147Therapeutic uses
Stem cells must be reproducible made to- AGenerate sufficient quantities of specific cells for making tissue
- BSurvive in the recipient after transplant
- CIntegrate into tissue after transplant
- DAvoid harming the recipient in any way.
- EFunction appropriately for the duration of the recipients life
- Fcause disease to harm recipient
148What was the 1st therapeutic use of stem cells
[blank_start]bone marrow transplant[blank_end]- Abone marrow transplant
149What type of gland am i describing?
secretory products stored in the cell near the lumen of the duct. A portion of the cell near the lumen containing secretory products is pinched off the cell and joins secretions produced a merocrine process.
Alternatives- AApocrine gland
- Bmerocrine gland
- Chalocrine gland
150What gland am I describing
cells of the gland produce secretions by active transport or produce vesicles that contain secretory products, and the vesicles empty their contents into the duct through exocytosis
- AApocine gland
- Bmerocrine gland
- Chalocrine gland
151What type of gland am I describing ?
secretory products are stored in the cells of the gland. Entire cells are shed by the gland and become part of the secretion. The lost cells are replaced by other cells deeper in the gland.
- AApocrine gland
- Bmerocrine gland
- Chalocrine gland
152What am I ? Match the composition to the structure
double membrane w/inner membrane folds [cristae] enclosing important metabolic enzymes.- Amitochondria
- Bendoplasmic reticulum
- Cgolgi apparatus
- Dlysosomes
- Eperoxisomes
- Fnucleus
153What am I ? Match the composition to the structure
stacks of flattened membranes [sacoules] containing chambers [cisternae]- Amitochondria
- Bendoplasmic reticulum
- Cgolgi apparatus
- Dlysosomes
- Eperocisomes
- Fnucleus
154What am I ? Match the composition to the structure
network of membrane channels extending through the cytoplasm- Amitochondria
- Bendoplasmic reticulum
- Cgolgi apparatus
- Dlysosomes
- Eperoxisomes
- Fnucleus
155What am I ? Match the composition to the structure
vesicles containing powerful digestive enzymes- Amitochondria
- Bendoplasmic reticulum
- Cgolgi apparatus
- Dlysosomes
- Eperoxisomes
- Fnucleus
156What am I ? Match the composition to the structure
vesicles containing degradative enzymes- Amitochondria
- Bgolgi apparatus
- Cendoplasmic reticulum
- Dlysosomes
- Eperoxisomes
- Fnucleus
157What am I ? Match the function to the structure
produces 95% of energy ATP- Amitochondria
- Bendoplasmic reticulum
- Csmooth ER
- Drough ER
- Egolgi apparatus
- Flysosomes
- Gperocisomes
- Hnucleus
158What am I ? Match the function to the structure
synthesis of secretory products, intracellular storage and transport. Modification and packaging of newly synthesised proteins- Amitochondria
- Bsmooth ER
- Crough ER
- Dgolgi apparatus
- Elysosomes
- Fperoxisomes
- Gnucleus
159What am I ? Match the function to the structure
synthesis of secretory products, intracellular storage and transport. Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis- Amitochondria
- Bsmooth ER
- Crough ER
- Dgolgi apparatus
- Elysosomes
- Fperoxide
- Gnucleus
160What am I ? Match the function to the structure
storage, alteration and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes- Agolgi apparatus
- Bmitochondria
- Csmooth ER
- Drough ER
- Elysosomes
- Fperoxisomes
161What am I ? Match the function to the structure
intracellular removal of damaged organelles or of pathogens- Alysosomes
- Bgolgi apparatus
- Cmitochondria
- Dsmooth ER
- Erough ER
- Fnucleus
- Gperoisomes
162What am I ? Match the function to the structure
neutralization of toxic compounds- Aperoxisomes
- Blysosomes
- Cgolgi apparatus
- Dsmooth ER
- Erough ER
- Fmitochondria
163Which is FALSE about transport through nuclear pores
- Aproteins move between the cytosol and nucleus through nuclear pores
- Bthe proteins are transported in their folded conformation
- Cthe nuclear pores act as unspecalised gates
- Dproteins destined for the nucleus have a sorting signal the nuclear localisation signal
- Ethe NLS binds to the cytosolic nuclear transport receptor
164ALL secretory proteins enter the ER, as well as those proteins for the ER itself
- ATrue
- BFalse
165Which is FALSE about the cytoskeleton function
- Akeeps cell shape
- Bmechanical support for cell and tissues
- Ccellular locomotion
- Dintracellular movements of cytoplasm, organelles and chromosomes
- Eprevents chromosomes from separating
166which component of the cytoskeleton is made up of tubulin
- Aintermediate filaments
- Bmicrotubules
- Cmicro filaments
167which component of the cytoskeleton is made up of actin
- Amicro filaments
- Bmicrotubules
- Cintermediate filaments
168[blank_start]desmosomes[blank_end] holds two cells together
[blank_start]hemidesomes[blank_end] holds a cell to another structure- Adesmosomes
- Bhemidesomes
169Which is FALSE about filaments
- Amobility is usually generated by the interaction between the filament and another protein termed a motor protein
- Ball of these filaments are formed by the aggregation or polymerisation of large numbers of identical, protein molecules
- Cin the filaments, the monomers or protomers (also known as subunits) bind to each other by hydrophillic assocations
- Din the filaments, the monomers or protomers (also known as subunits) bind to each other by hydrophobic associations
170Which is FALSE about micro filaments ?
- Aare found in all eukaryotic cells
- Balso known as actin filaments
- Cin the EM they are seen as solid filaments with a diameter of about 7nm
- Dactin is a globular protein, hence it is referred to as G-actin
- Epolymerization of actin the length of the new F-actin is much shorter at the barbed end
- Fpolymerization of actin is reversible
171Label
- Asarcomere
- BI band
- CZ line
- DA band
- EH zone
- Fthin filament
- Gthick filament
- HM line
- Imyosin
- Jactin
172What happens during sarcomere contraction to the :
A band [blank_start]unchanged[blank_end]
I band [blank_start]shortens[blank_end]
H band disappears- Aunchanged
- Bshortens
- Clengthens
173Muscle contraction is caused by
- Aactin filaments sliding past each other.
- Bmyelin filaments sliding past each other.
- Cmyosin filaments sliding past each other.
- Dactin filaments sliding past myelin filaments.
- Eactin filaments sliding past myosin filaments.
174Which of the following statements about H zones and I bands is TRUE?
- Athe H zones contain only myosin, while the I bands contain only actin
- Bthe H zones contain only actin, while the I bands contain only myosin
- Cthe H zones contain only myosin, while the I bands contain both actin and myosin
- Dthe H zones contain both actin and myosin, while the I bands contain only actin
- Ethe H zones and the I bands each contain both actin and myosin
175Which of the following statements about H zones and I bands is TRUE?
- Athe H zones contain only myosin, while the I bands contain only actin
- Bthe H zones contain only actin, while the I bands contain only myosin
- Cthe H zones contain only myosin, while the I bands contain both actin and myosin
- Dthe H zones contain both actin and myosin, while the I bands contain only actin
- Ethe H zones and the I bands each contain both actin and myosin
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- Quiz on Cells and tissues , created by Katie Bryden on 05/05/2017.
- Author
- Katie Bryden
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- Created on 5 May 2017 · updated on 8 May 2017
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