Karteikarten
Emotion 2 - Emotion & Memory
Karten in diesem Stapel (32)
- 1Memory Consists of 3 Phases1) Encoding
2) Consolidation
3) Retrieval - 2Mood Congruity Effect (Encoding)If the affect of the TO-BE-LEARNED material MATCHES the learner's AFFECT at ENCODING, then the material will be REMEMBERED BETTER at RETRIEVAL
- 3Mood Dependent Memory (Retrieval)If the learner's AFFECT at ENCODING MATCHES the learner's AFFECT at RETRIEVAL, than the material will be REMEMBERED BETTER at RETRIEVAL
- 4Does emotion influence encoding and retrieval processes in memory?- Mood dependent memory
- Semantic network theory of affect
- Mood dependent memory and depression - 5Does emotion interact with cognition in autobiographical memory?Flashbulb Memories
- 6Mood Dependent MemoryMemory performance is BETTER when the individual's mood state is the same at learning and retrieval than when it differs
- 7Studies examining Mood Dependent Memory- Positive or negative mood is first induced in participants by having them...
- Read happy or sad vignettes in which they imagine themselves (Velten, 1968)
- Remember happy or sad events (Bower et al., 1984)
- Listen to happy or sad music (Niedelthal & Setterlund, 1994)
- Watch happy or sad video clips - 8Studies examining Mood Dependent Memory - Procedure- After mood has been induced - participants learn a list of words & answer self-report questionnaires measuring their mood (manipulation check)
- Subsequently, the same mood or different mood is induced
- Participants then recall as many words from the list as possible and do another manipulation check
- Studies findings: participants' RECALL is BETTER when the MOOD during recall is CONGRUENT with the mood during learning (eg. Bowcer, 1981) - 9Findings explanation1. Learned and Recalled in Sad mood = same
2. Learned and Recalled in Happy mood = same
3. Learned in Happy mood; Recalled in Sad mood = different
4. Learned in Sad mood; Recalled in Happy mood = different - 10Mood Dependent Memory is similar to...- Context Dependent Memory
- State Dependent Memory - 11Context Dependent MemoryMORE INFO RECALLED = ENCODING & RETRIEVAL conditions = SAME (external conditions)
eg.
- Under water vs Dry Land
- Room A vs Room B - would recall better in this condition - 12State Dependent MemoryMORE INFO RECALLED = participants' PHYSICAL or MENTAL STATE = SAME at ENCODING & RETRIEVAL (internal conditions)
eg.:
- Intoxicated vs Sober - 13Semantic Network Theory of Affect 1- Proposed by Bower (1981) - Explain some of the effects of mood and cognitive processes
- Emotions are nodes (units) in a semantic network (a network related ideas) - having connections to these related ideas, physiological systems, representations of events, and behavioural & expressive patterns - 14Semantic Network Theory of Affect 2
- 15Semantic Network Theory of Affect 3Proposes that during the learning stage - ITEMS become ASSOCIATED with an EMOTION NODE = EASIER to RECALL in the SAME MOOD at the retrieval stage
- 16Semantic Network Theory of Affect 4- Can explain mood congruity effects
- The network of the congruent emotional node is already active
- New information that is congruent with the emotional state links up strongly with this network
- Connection leads to extensive & elaborate encoding of the material - enhances encoding - results in superior long-term memory - 17Can the mood congruity effect be explained by changes in arousal? (Varner & Ellis, 1998)- Induced in 4 groups of participants:
1) Depressed mood
2) Arousal
3) Neutral mood
4) A schema organised around the theme of writing a paper
- All participants learned a list with words related to depression & essay writing
- Participants then completed a free-recall task - 18Varner & Ellis (1998) - findings- Participants who were INDUCED with DEPRESSED mood RECALLED MORE words RELATED to DEPRESSION
- Participants who were INDUCED with PAPER-WRITING SCHEMAS RECALLED MORE words RELATED to ESSAY WRITING
- Participants who were INDUCED with AROUSAL or NEURAL MOOD RECALLED BOTH word lists EQUALLY well
- Bower's theory - correct - the interplay between emotion & cognitive activity - IMPORTANT
- Arousal has little or NO IMPACT on selective processing of mood-related info - 19Mood Dependent Memory and Depression 1- After people learn positive & negative words - can RECALL MORE POSITIVE words when HAPPY mood is INDUCED
- MORE NEGATIVE words recalled when SAD mood is INDUCED
- People generally DO NOT like being in a negative mood & mood dependent memory needs to be countered
- After SAD mood - INDUCED - people with NO or FEW depression symptoms can FREELY RECALL autobiographical memories - tend to RECALL POSITIVE MEMORIES to "repair" their mood (emotion regulation)
- Negative mood - Recall positive memories - Positive mood - 20Mood Dependent Memory and Depression 2- Emotion regulation function - NOT WORKING effectively for people with DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS
- When they are sad - CANNOT counter mood dependent memory - tend to recall negative memories - DOES NOT help them to "repair" their mood
- Negative mood - Recall negative memories - Negative mood - 21Clark & Teasdale (1982)- Tested patients in depressive mood on two occasions
- Both occasions - patients reported depression symptoms and recalled autobiographical memories
- SEVERITY of depression was DIFFERENT on each occasion
- Findings: showed that when depression levels were MORE SEVERE - MORE UNHAPPY MEMORIES REPORTED
- Consistent with the "depression vicious cycle"
- 22Williams et al (2007)- People with depression symptoms are not able to recall positive memories, but also have DIFFICULTIES recalling specific memories
- Cue word: Happy
- Specific memory: “Last week, I had a good time at Jane’s party. We first had dinner at a Korean restaurant and then went to a bar.”
- General memory: “I always enjoy a good party.” - 23Overgeneral memoryTendency to RECALL FEWER SPECIFIC memory & MORE GENERAL memories - caused by FUNCTIONAL AVOIDANCE
- 24Functional Avoidance- Since some negative memories are too traumatic to be relived - memory system tried to AVOID all specific memories
- Maladaptive - person is also unable to retrieve positive specific memories (which would have helped to repair their mood) - 25Flashbulb MemoryA highly detailed & vivid memory about the PERSONAL CIRCUMSTANCES in which one first heard about a surprising & consequential news event
- First named by Brown & Kulik (1977) - A copy of the original event - MORE ACCURATE - NOT reconstruction - 26Colegrove (1899)- Asked middle-aged & older adults - 33 years after Abraham Lincoln was assassinated - whether they could REMEMBER when they were when they HEARD that he had been shot
- 179 participants - only 127 people indicated they could recalled (71%) - 27Brown & Kulik (1977)- Argued that the news event was so SURPRISING & CONSEQUENTIAL that hearing about the event cause a NEUROLOGICAL SHOCK in the person
- A shock - not only encoded info about the news event but also the personal circumstances in which one heard about the news event
- "Now Print!" mechanism - Flashbulb Memory - 28Neisser & Harsch (1992) - Challenger Space Shuttle Disaster- Tested 44 students were tested twice
- The day after the explosion and two and-a-half years later
- They found that many memories had changed over time
- Most memories had only minor changes, but some memories were
drastically different
- When differences between the two accounts were mentioned, many participants could not bring back the circumstances of the original account and changes seemed to be permanent
- However, even after seeing the original hand-written descriptions,
some participants remained confident in the accuracy of the second account - 29Finkenauer et al (1998)Rather than the result of strong emotions at encoding, flashbulbs memories seem to be the result of other cognitive emotional factors
- 30Cognitive-emotional mechanism?- Events that elicit flashbulb memories:
often SURPRISING & highly EMOTIONAL - causing the events to be encoded strongly
- Events are also highly DISTINCTIVE - making it unlikely that the event will be merged with similar events
- Consequential - on a national level - causing the events to be discussed extensively - including in the media (rehearsal)
- The influence of all these factors can be explained by existing cognitive mechanisms and no special mechanism is required - 31Cognitive-emotional mechanism (Finkenauer et al, 1998)
- 32Berntsen (2009) - SOCIAL IDENTITY- The public event activates - person's social identity - INCREASES the INITIAL emotional reaction & subsequent rehearsal (both in direct conversation & media attention)
- Flashbulb memories - reinforces one's group membership, but only occurs when the event is related to one's group membership
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- undergraduate Cognitive psychology Karteikarten am Emotion 2 - Emotion & Memory, erstellt von Izati Saim am 15/01/2022.
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- Izati Saim
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